Neuroscience for Rehabilitation

<p><B>Neuroanatomy for Physical Therapists</B></P><p><B></B></P><p><B>Draft Table of Contents</B></P><p></P><p>I. Introduction to the Nervous System</P><p>A. Neuronal Cytology</P><p>B. Neuronal Signaling (excitability, membrane, action potential, AP propagation and fiber diameter, synapses)</P><p>C. Functional Organization of the NS</P><p>1. PNS (nerve roots, spinal Nn, plexuses, peripheral nerves, sensory endings, motor endplate, Wallerian degeneration, sprouting/regeneration, demyelinating diseases)</P><p>2. CNS </P><p>a. Support cells</P><p>b. Pathways, tracts, fasciculi, funiculi, columns, lemnisci</P><p>c. Spinal cord (topology, internal anatomy)</P><p>d. Brainstem (topology, internal anatomy)</P><p>e. Diencephalon (topology, internal anatomy)</P><p>f. Forebrain (topology, internal anatomy)</P><p>g. Cerebral cortex topography and functional specialization</P><p>3. ANS (sympathetics, parasympathetics, pre- and postganglionics, autonomic ganglia)</P><p></P><p>II. Blood and CSF Circulation</P><p>A. Carotid and Vertebral Aa (circle of Willis)</P><p>B. Spinal Cord and Brainstem Blood Supply</P><p>C. Forebrain Blood Supply</P><p>D. Meninges And Brain Coverings</P><p>E. CSF Production And Circulation (hydrocephalus)</P><p></P><p>III. Development of the CNS</P><p>A. Embryonic Brain (dysraphic and myeloschistic defects)</P><p>B. Juvenile Brain (CP, MS)</P><p>C. Mature Brain (ALS)</P><p>D. Aged Brain (Alzheimer’s, dementia, Parkinson’s)</P><p>E. Critical Periods and Neuroplasticity</P><p></P><p>IV. Functional Neuroanatomy by Region</P><p>A. Spinal Cord</P><p>1. PNS-CNS junction</P><p>2. Long ascending somatosensory pathways</P><p>a. Dorsal column-medial lemniscus</P><p>b. Anterolateral system (Spinothalamic tract)</P><p>3. Long descending somatic motor pathways</P><p>a. Corticospinal tract</P><p>b. UMN-LMN</P><p>c. Reflexes</P><p>d. Spasticity</P><p>4. Brown-Séquard syndrome</P><p>B. Brainstem</P><p>1. Long pathways</P><p>a. DC-ML</P><p>b. ALS</P><p>c. CST</P><p>d. Corticobulbar (Corticonuclear) Tract (unilateral lesion, facial paresis)</P><p>2. Medulla</P><p>a. CNn nuclei (XII, X, IX, VIII, VII) and peripheral nerves</P><p>b. Lateral medullary syndrome</P><p>c. Medial medullary syndrome – inferior alternating hemiplegia</P><p>3. Pons</P><p>a. CNn nuclei (VI, V) and peripheral nerves</P><p>b. Locked-in syndrome</P><p>c. Middle alternating hemiplegia</P><p>d. Acoustic neuroma</P><p>4. Midbrain</P><p>a. CNn nuclei (IV, III) and peripheral nerves</P><p>b. Weber’s syndrome – superior alternating hemiplegia </P><p>5. Diencephalon</P><p>a. Thalamus</P><p>b. Internal capsule</P><p>c. Thalamic and capsular lesions</P><p>C. Cerebellum</P><p>1. Topology, internal anatomy</P><p>2. Cerebellar cortex circuitry</P><p>3. Afferent input</P><p>4. Efferent output</P><p>5. Motor learning</P><p>6. Balance</P><p>7. Ataxia, intention tremor, ipsilateral deficits</P><p>D. Forebrain</P><p>1. Basal Ganglia (Basal Nuclei)</P><p>a. Component nuclei</P><p>b. Circuitry</P><p>c. Parkinson’s disease</P><p>d. Huntington’s chorea</P><p>e. Contralateral hemiballismus</P><p>2. Cerebrum</P><p>a. Cerebral cortex architectonics (6 layers, input and output layers, regional functional differentiation)</P><p>b. Fiber systems (superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, corpus callosum, anterior commissure, corona radiata, optic radiations)</P><p>c. Gyri and sulci</P><p>1) Topology</P><p>2) Functional differentiation</P><p>d. Deficits – TBI, CVA</P><p></P><p>V. Vestibular System</P><p>A. Peripheral Anatomy</P><p>B. Brainstem Anatomy</P><p>C. Circuitry (local, ascending, and descending pathways, MLF)</P><p>D. Vestibulo-ocular Reflexes</P><p>E. Lesions (vertigo, nystagmus)</P><p>F. Therapeutic Manipulation</P><p></P><p>VI. Visual System</P><p>A. Anatomy (eye through visual cortex) and connectivity</P><p>B. Sensory Function</P><p>1. Construction of the visual field</P><p>2. Deficits (blindness, hemianopsia, quadrantopia, complete blindness, pituitary </P><p>tumor, macular degeneration/sparing)</P><p>C. Motor Control of the Visual System</P><p>1. Eye movements (CN III palsy, CN IV palsy, CN VI lateral rectus and lateral gaze palsies, internuclear ophthalmoplegia)</P><p>2. Eye movement reflexes (VOR, oculocephalic reflex, doll’s eye sign)</P><p>3. Pupillary reflexes </P><p>D. Vestibulo-optic Interactions – functional and therapeutic implications</P><p></P><p>VII. Reticular Formation</P><p>A. Anatomy and Connectivity</P><p>B. Neurotransmitters</P><p>C. Reticular Activating System</P><p>1. Consciousness, arousal, sleep-wake</P><p>2. Vital functions</P><p>3. Descending pain modulation</P><p>4. Lesions (infratentorial herniation, decerebrate/decorticate posturing)</P><p>5. Therapeutic manipulation</P><p></P><p>VIII. Limbic System</P><p>A. Anatomy and Connectivity (hippocampal formation, Papez circuit)</P><p>B. Learning, Memory, Emotions</P><p>C. Olfaction and the Limbic System</P><p>C. Lesions (temporal lobe epilepsy, anterograde amnesia, Alzheimer’s, dementia, Korsakoff syndrome, Kluver-Bucy)</P><p></P><p>IX. Hypothalamus and the ANS</P><p>A. Anatomy and Connectivity of the Hypothalamus</P><p>B. Central Autonomic Structures</P><p>1. Sympathetic (spinal cord lateral horn, preganglionic neurons)</P><p>2. Parasympathetic (cranial and sacral preganglionic neurons)</P><p>C. Peripheral Autonomics</P><p>1. Sympathetic (ganglia, postganglionics)</P><p>2. Parasympathetic (ganglia, postganglionics)</P><p>D. Lesions (hypothalamic syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome) </P><p></P><p>X. Pain</P><p>A. Peripheral nociceptors – Primary and secondary hyperalgesia</P><p>B. Spinal cord dorsal horn (substantia gelatinosa) and spinothalamic tract</P><p>C. Reticular formation, PAG, and the hypothalamus – Descending pain modulation</P><p>D. Chronic Pain</P><p>E. Maladaptive cortical remapping</P><p></P><p>Appendix 1</P><p>Neuroimaging (assessing images and diagnosing lesion)</P><p></P><p>Appendix 2</P><p>The complete neurological exam </P><p></P><p>Atlas</P>