<p>Part I: Basic considerations and in vitro <br>1. Photobiomodulation therapy and the brain: an innovative tool for therapy and discovery <br>Praveen R. Arany<br>2. Theoretical neuroscience <br>Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa, Marucia Chacur, Daniel Oliveira Martins and Carlo Rondinoni<br>3. Photobiomodulation of cultured primary neurons: role of cytochrome c oxidase<br>Margaret Wong-Riley and Huan Ling Liang<br>4. Photobiomodulation on cultured cortical neurons<br>Ying-Ying Huang and Michael R. Hamblin<br>5. Safety and penetration of light into the brain<br>Erica B Wang, Ramanjot Kaur, Manuel Fierro, Evan Austin, Linda Ramball Jones and Jared Jagdeo<br>6. Near-infrared photonic energy penetration—principles and practice<br>Theodore A. Henderson and Larry D. Morries<br>7. Light sources and dosimetry for the brain and whole body<br>James D. Carroll<br>8. Mechanisms of photobiomodulation in the brain<br>Michael R. Hamblin</p> <p>Part II: Studies in animal models <br>9. Transcranial photobiomodulation for stroke in animal models<br>Luis De Taboada and Michael R. Hamblin<br>10. Photobiomodulation in photothrombotic stroke<br>Lorelei Tucker, Luodan Yang, Yong Li and Quanguang Zhang<br>11. Remote photobiomodulation as a neuroprotective intervention—harnessing the indirect effects of photobiomodulation<br>Luke Gordon, Boaz Kim, Claudia Petrucco, Ji Yeon Kim, Patrick Benson, Jonathan Stone and Daniel M. Johnstone<br>12. Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury in mouse models<br>Michael R. Hamblin<br>13. Photobiomodulation and mitochondria for traumatic brain injury in mouse models<br>Mei X. Wu and Michael R. Hamblin<br>14. Photobiomodulation for depression in animal models<br>Farzad Salehpour, Javad Mahmoudi, Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad and Paolo Cassano<br>15. Transcranial photobiomodulation treats Alzheimer’s disease in amyloid-β protein precursor transgenic mice<br>Luis De Taboada and Michael R. Hamblin<br>16. Low-level laser therapy to the bone marrow: a new therapeutic approach to neurodegenerative diseases<br>Amir Oron and Uri Oron<br>17. The experimental evidence for photobiomodulation-induced cellular and behavioral changes in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: a template for translation to patients<br>Nabil El Massri and John Mitrofanis<br>18. Effects of near-infrared low-level laser stimulation on neuronal excitability<br>Ljubica M. Konstantinovic and Sasa R. Filipovic<br>19. Photobiomodulation for multiple sclerosis in animal models<br>M.A. Tolentino and J.A. Lyons<br>20. Hepatic encephalopathy and photobiomodulation: experimental models and clinical features<br>Natalia Arias, Juan Dıaz Gonza´lez, Alberto Martın Pernıa and Jorge L Arias<br>21. Photobiomodulation in animal models of retinal injury and disease<br>Janis T. Eells<br>22. Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy for pain: animal models, dosimetry, mechanisms, perspectives<br>Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa, Nathali Cordeiro Pinto and Elisabeth Mateus Yoshimura</p> <p>Part III: Cinical studies <br>23. The challenge of effectively translating transcranial near-infrared laser therapy to treat acute ischemic stroke<br>Paul A. Lapchak<br>24. Effects of photobiomodulation on traumatic brain injury: proposed clinical assessment <br>Sherry Fox and Victoria Campbell<br>25. Transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode therapy for chronic traumatic brain injury and poststroke aphasia: clinical studies<br>Margaret A. Naeser, Paula I. Martin, Michael D. Ho, Maxine H. Krengel, Yelena Bogdanova, Jeffrey A. Knight, Andrea Fedoruk, Michael R. Hamblin and Bang-Bon Koo<br>26. Photobiomodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for improving cognitive and functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury<br>Thomas J. Covey, David W. Shucard, Melissa Meynadasy, Thomas Mang and Praveen R. Arany<br>27. Advanced neuroimaging methods for assessment of low-level light therapy<br>Suk-tak Chan, Maria Gabriela Longo, Eva-Maria Ratai and Rajiv Gupta<br>28. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with near-infrared light<br>Larry D. Morries and Theodore A. Henderson<br>29. Photobiomodulation: a novel approach to treating Alzheimer’s disease<br>Lew Lim, Genane Loheswaran, Reza Zomorrodi, Anita Saltmarche and Linda Chao<br>30. Electroencephalography as the diagnostic adjunct to transcranial photobiomodulation <br>Reza Zomorrodi, Genane Loheswaran and Lew Lim<br>31. Can photobiomodulation enhance brain function in older adults?<br>Agnes S. Chan, Michael K. Yeung and Tsz L. Lee<br>32. Noninvasive neurotherapeutic treatment of neurodegeneration: integrating photobiomodulation and neurofeedback training<br>Marvin H. Berman, Trent Nichols, Jason Huang and Damir Nizamutdinov<br>33. Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy: observations from four movement disorder patients<br>Catherine Hamilton, David Hamilton, Frank Nicklason and John Mitrofanis<br>34. Cerebral blood flow in the elderly: impact of photobiomodulation<br>Afonso Shiguemi Inoue Salgado, Francisco Jose´ Cidral-Filho,<br>Daniel Fernandes Martins, Ivo I. Kerppers and Rodolfo Borges Parreira<br>35. Transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive and anxiety disorders and for posttraumatic stress disorder<br>Marco Antonio Caldieraro and Paolo Cassano<br>36. Action at a distance: laser acupuncture and the brain<br>Nicholas Alexander Wise<br>37. Signature wounds of war: a case study<br>George Louis Lindenfeld and George Rozelle<br>38. Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in degenerative brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 1)<br>Ivan V. Maksimovich<br>39. Transcatheter intracerebral photobiomodulation in ischemic brain disorders: clinical studies (Part 2)<br>Ivan V. Maksimovich<br>40. Russian low level laser therapy techniques for brain disorders<br>Sergey V. Moskvin and Andrey V. Kochetkov<br>41. Laser treatment of central nervous system injuries: an update and prospects<br>L. Longo<br>42. Photobiomodulation treatment for brain disorders: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dementia<br>Randy Lamartiniere, Rhett Bergeron, Ronald Aung-Din, Matthew Bennett, William Stephan and Louis Banas<br>43. What we don’t know and what the future holds<br>Michael R. Hamblin</p>