Tailor-Made and Functionalized Biopolymer Systems

<p>List of contributors xv</p> <p>1 Introduction to tailor-made biopolymers in drug delivery</p> <p>applications </p> <p>Yasir Faraz Abbasi, Parthasarathi Panda, Sanjay Arora, Buddhadev Layek</p> <p>and Hriday Bera</p> <p>1.1 Introduction </p> <p>1.2 Biopolymers from plant and animal kingdom </p> <p>1.2.1 Polysaccharides </p> <p>1.2.2 Polypeptides </p> <p>1.2.3 Polynucleotides </p> <p>1.3 Chemical modifications of biopolymers </p> <p>1.3.1 Modification approaches of polysaccharides </p> <p>1.3.2 Modification approaches of polypeptides </p> <p>1.4 Tailor-made biopolymers as pharmaceutical excipients </p> <p>1.5 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>Section 1 Modified biopolymers </p> <p>2 Thiolated biopolymers in drug delivery and biomedical applications </p> <p>Custodiana A. Colmenarez Lobo, Mirta L. Fascio and Norma B. D’Accorso</p> <p>2.1 Introduction </p> <p>2.2 Thiolated biopolymers in drug delivery applications </p> <p>2.3 Thiolated biopolymers in biomedical applications </p> <p>2.3.1 Medicinal applications </p> <p>2.3.2 Diagnosis </p> <p>2.3.3 Regenerative medicine </p> <p>2.4 Conclusion and future perspectives </p> <p>Acknowledgments </p> <p>References </p> <p>3 Smart biopolymers for controlled drug delivery applications </p> <p>Sanjay Arora, Riddhi Trivedi, Richard N.L. Lamptey, Bivek Chaulagain,</p> <p>Buddhadev Layek and Jagdish Singh</p> <p>3.1 Introduction </p> <p>3.2 Different types of smart biopolymers </p> <p>3.2.1 Thermosensitive smart polymers </p> <p>3.2.2 pH-sensitive smart polymers </p> <p>3.2.3 Light-sensitive smart polymers </p> <p>3.2.4 Phase-sensitive smart polymers </p> <p>3.2.5 Bioresponsive smart polymers </p> <p>3.3 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>4 Alginate-based systems for protein and peptide delivery </p> <p>Paramita Paul, Gouranga Nandi, Mohammed A. Abosheasha and</p> <p>Hriday Bera</p> <p>4.1 Introduction </p> <p>4.2 Alginate: sources, physicochemical and biological properties </p> <p>4.2.1 Sources of alginates </p> <p>4.2.2 Physicochemical properties </p> <p>4.2.3 Biological properties </p> <p>4.3 Modifications of alginate for protein and peptide delivery </p> <p>4.3.1 Covalent chemical modifications </p> <p>4.3.2 Polyelectrolyte complexes </p> <p>4.4 Alginate-based systems for protein and peptide delivery </p> <p>4.4.1 Model protein delivery </p> <p>4.4.2 Insulin delivery </p> <p>4.4.3 Angiogenic factor delivery </p> <p>4.4.4 Chemokine delivery </p> <p>4.4.5 Bone morphogenetic protein delivery </p> <p>4.5 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>5 Chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes in biomedical</p> <p>applications </p> <p>Buddhadev Layek, Surajit Das and Shubhajit Paul</p> <p>5.1 Introduction </p> <p>5.2 Polyelectrolyte complexes </p> <p>5.2.1 Mechanism of polyelectrolyte complexes formation </p> <p>5.2.2 Preparation of PECs and factors influencing the formation</p> <p>and stability of PECs </p> <p>5.3 Applications of chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes </p> <p>5.3.1 Drug delivery </p> <p>5.3.2 Gene delivery </p> <p>5.3.3 Tissue engineering </p> <p>5.4 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>6 Tailor-made cyclodextrin-based nanomaterials as drug carriers </p> <p>Kazi Ali, Pradyot Roy, Arindam Maity and Pranabesh Chakraborty</p> <p>6.1 Introduction </p> <p>6.1.1 History </p> <p>6.1.2 Source of cyclodextrins </p> <p>6.1.3 Types and structure of cyclodextrins </p> <p>6.1.4 Properties of cyclodextrins </p> <p>6.1.5 Inclusion complex formation </p> <p>6.2 Modification of cyclodextrins </p> <p>6.2.1 Principle and chemistry of cyclodextrin modification </p> <p>6.2.2 Characterization of modified cyclodextrins </p> <p>6.3 Cyclodextrin-based nanomaterials </p> <p>6.3.1 Preparation of nanomaterials from cyclodextrins and</p> <p>applications </p> <p>6.3.2 Different cyclodextrin-based nanomaterials </p> <p>6.4 Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of tailor-made</p> <p>CD-based nanomaterials </p> <p>6.5 Conclusion and future prospects </p> <p>References </p> <p>Further reading </p> <p>Section 2 Biopolymeric conjugates/composites </p> <p>7 Biopolymer_metal oxide composites in biomedical</p> <p>applications </p> <p>Yasir Faraz Abbasi and Hriday Bera</p> <p>7.1 Introduction </p> <p>7.2 Applications of biopolymer_metal oxide composites </p> <p>7.2.1 Drug delivery </p> <p>7.2.2 Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities </p> <p>7.2.3 Wound healing and tissue engineering </p> <p>7.2.4 Biosensors, bioimaging, and diagnostics </p> <p>7.3 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>8 Biopolymer_drug conjugates as biomaterials </p> <p>Haifei Guo, Yasir Faraz Abbasi, Hriday Bera and Mingshi Yang</p> <p>8.1 Introduction </p> <p>8.2 Biopolymer_drug conjugates </p> <p>8.2.1 Polysaccharide-drug conjugates </p> <p>8.2.2 Polypeptide_drug conjugates </p> <p>8.3 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>9 Functionalized biopolymer_clay-based composites as drug-cargos </p> <p>Hriday Bera, Motoki Ueda and Yoshihiro Ito</p> <p>9.1 Introduction </p> <p>9.2 Structure and properties of clays </p> <p>9.3 Biopolymer_clay intercalations </p> <p>9.4 Properties of biopolymer_clay-based composites as drug-delivery</p> <p>systems </p> <p>9.4.1 Improvement of clay properties </p> <p>9.4.2 Improvement of polymer properties </p> <p>9.5 Biopolymer_clay-based composites as drug-delivery systems </p> <p>9.5.1 Animal-derived polysaccharide_clay composites </p> <p>9.5.2 Algae-derived polysaccharide_clay composites </p> <p>9.5.3 Plant-derived polysaccharide_clay composites </p> <p>9.5.4 Natural protein_clay composites </p> <p>9.5.5 Biopolymer blend_clay composites </p> <p>9.6 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>10 Mesoporous silica-biopolymer-based systems in drug delivery</p> <p>applications </p> <p>Suman Saha, Payal Roy and Jui Chakraborty</p> <p>10.1 Introduction </p> <p>10.2 Classification of MSNs, their structures and properties </p> <p>10.2.1 Two-dimensional mesostructures </p> <p>10.2.2 Three-dimensional mesostructures </p> <p>10.2.3 Classification of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as</p> <p>drug carriers </p> <p>10.3 Different synthesis techniques of mesoporous silica nanoparticles </p> <p>10.3.1 Hydrothermal synthesis </p> <p>10.3.2 Aerosol-assisted synthesis </p> <p>10.3.3 Modified St&e_004E7;ber’s synthesis </p> <p>10.3.4 Template-assisted synthesis </p> <p>10.3.5 Microwave synthesis </p> <p>10.3.6 Chemical etching synthesis </p> <p>10.4 Functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles using</p> <p>synthetic polymers/biopolymers </p> <p>10.4.1 Functionalization techniques </p> <p>10.5 Different biopolymer-MSN systems in drug delivery applications </p> <p>10.5.1 Drug delivery for cancer treatment </p> <p>10.5.2 Drug delivery for other disease treatment </p> <p>10.5.3 Gene delivery </p> <p>10.5.4 Drug delivery and bioimaging </p> <p>10.6 Stability and degradation profiles </p> <p>10.7 Biocompatibility, pharmacology, and toxicological profiles </p> <p>10.8 Conclusion, challenges, and future prospects </p> <p>Acknowledgments </p> <p>References </p> <p>Section 3 Modified biopolymer based biomaterials </p> <p>11 Micellar drug-delivery systems based on amphiphilic block and graft</p> <p>polysaccharides </p> <p>Leonard Ionut Atanase</p> <p>11.1 Introduction </p> <p>11.2 Micellization and drug-loading methods </p> <p>11.3 Characterization techniques of drug-free and drug-loaded</p> <p>micellar systems </p> <p>11.4 Polysaccharide-based micellar drug-delivery systems </p> <p>11.4.1 Chitosan-based micellar drug-delivery systems </p> <p>11.4.2 Cellulose-based micellar drug-delivery systems </p> <p>11.4.3 Dextran-based micellar drug-delivery systems </p> <p>11.4.4 Starch-based micellar drug-delivery systems </p> <p>11.4.5 Alginate-based micellar drug-delivery systems </p> <p>11.4.6 Hyaluronic acid_based micellar drug-delivery systems </p> <p>11.4.7 Miscellaneous polysaccharide-based micellar</p> <p>drug-delivery systems </p> <p>11.5 Conclusions and perspectives </p> <p>References </p> <p>12 Engineering of biopolymer-based nanofibers for medical uses </p> <p>Yang Chen, Hriday Bera, Dongmei Cun and Mingshi Yang</p> <p>12.1 Introduction </p> <p>12.2 Tissue engineering </p> <p>12.3 Drug delivery </p> <p>12.3.1 Drug delivery to the skin </p> <p>12.3.2 Mucosal drug delivery </p> <p>12.3.3 Controlled and sustained drug delivery </p> <p>12.4 Stem cells </p> <p>12.5 Sensors </p> <p>12.6 Conclusion and future perspectives </p> <p>References </p> <p>Further reading </p> <p>13 Engineered protein and protein-polysaccharide cages for drug</p> <p>delivery and therapeutic applications </p> <p>Isha Ghosh, Ujjwal Sahoo and Souvik Basak</p> <p>13.1 Introduction </p> <p>13.2 Proteins </p> <p>13.3 Protein cages: engineering and therapeutic applications </p> <p>13.3.1 Natural protein cages/scaffolds </p> <p>13.3.2 Engineered protein cages </p> <p>13.3.3 Therapeutic applications of protein cages </p> <p>13.4 Protein-polysaccharide cages: engineering and therapeutic</p> <p>applications </p> <p>13.4.1 Electrostatic precipitation complexes/cages </p> <p>13.4.2 Chemical reaction_mediated complexes/cages </p> <p>13.4.3 Electrospun nanohybrid_mediated complexes/cages </p> <p>13.4.4 Posttranslational modification_aided protein-polysaccharide</p> <p>block copolymer complexes/cages </p> <p>13.5 Conclusion and future perspectives </p> <p>References </p> <p>14 Biopolymeric hydrogels prepared via click chemistry as carriers of</p> <p>therapeutic modalities </p> <p>Rohit Bisht, Pinto Raveena, Sonali Nirmal, Shovanlal Gayen,</p> <p>Gaurav K. Jain and Jayabalan Nirmal</p> <p>14.1 Introduction </p> <p>14.2 Properties of biopolymeric hydrogels </p> <p>14.2.1 Swelling and solubility </p> <p>14.2.2 Porosity and permeation </p> <p>14.2.3 Drug release </p> <p>14.3 Chemically cross-linked hydrogels </p> <p>14.3.1 Cross-linking by free-radical polymerization </p> <p>14.3.2 Cross-linking by click chemistry </p> <p>14.4 Applications of biopolymeric click hydrogels in drug delivery </p> <p>14.5 Conclusion and future prospects </p> <p>Acknowledgement </p> <p>References </p> <p>15 Biopolymeric nanocrystals in drug delivery and biomedical</p> <p>applications </p> <p>Daphisha Marbaniang, Rajat Subhra Dutta, Niva Rani Gogoi,</p> <p>Subhabrata Ray and Bhaskar Mazumder</p> <p>15.1 Introduction </p> <p>15.2 Generalized synthesis methods for biopolymeric nanocrystals </p> <p>15.2.1 Mineral acid hydrolysis </p> <p>15.2.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis </p> <p>15.2.3 Co-precipitation method </p> <p>15.3 Biopolymeric nanocrystals and their drug delivery and</p> <p>biomedical applications </p> <p>15.3.1 Biopolymeric nanocrystals </p> <p>15.3.2 Reinforcement of biopolymeric nanocrystals with</p> <p>biopolymers and vice versa </p> <p>15.3.3 Biopolymers-assisted drug nanocrystals </p> <p>15.4 Conclusion and future prospects </p> <p>References </p> <p>Section 4 Biopolymeric systems in biomedical</p> <p>applications </p> <p>16 Functionalized biopolymers for colon-targeted drug delivery </p> <p>Yasir Faraz Abbasi and Syed Muhammad Farid Hasan</p> <p>16.1 Introduction </p> <p>16.2 Biopolymeric systems as colon-targeted drug carriers </p> <p>16.2.1 Plant-derived polysaccharides </p> <p>16.2.2 Animal-derived polysaccharides </p> <p>16.2.3 Algae- and microbial-derived polysaccharides </p> <p>16.2.4 Plant- and animal-derived polypeptides </p> <p>16.3 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>17 Modified biopolymer-based systems for drug delivery to the brain </p> <p>Abhimanyu Thakur, Rakesh Kumar Sidu, Isha Gaurav, Kumari Sweta,</p> <p>Prosenjit Chakraborty and Sudha Thakur</p> <p>17.1 Introduction </p> <p>17.2 BBB and other common hurdles in brain drug delivery </p> <p>17.3 Brain drug delivery by invasive methods </p> <p>17.4 Brain drug delivery by the noninvasive methods </p> <p>17.4.1 Chemical modification </p> <p>17.4.2 Intranasal route </p> <p>17.4.3 Aptamer </p> <p>17.4.4 Extracellular vesicles </p> <p>17.4.5 Ultrasound </p> <p>17.4.6 Photodynamic effect </p> <p>17.4.7 Extracorporeal shockwave </p> <p>17.4.8 Laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets </p> <p>17.4.9 Nanoformulations </p> <p>17.5 Biopolymer-based systems for targeted drug delivery to the brain </p> <p>17.5.1 Plant-derived polysaccharides </p> <p>17.5.2 Animal-derived polysaccharides </p> <p>17.5.3 Algae-derived and microbial polysaccharides </p> <p>17.5.4 Polypeptides </p> <p>17.6 Conclusion and future perspectives </p> <p>Contributions </p> <p>References </p> <p>Further reading </p> <p>18 Modified biopolymer-based chronotherapeutic drug-delivery systems </p> <p>Somasree Ray and Shalmoli Seth Professor</p> <p>18.1 Introduction </p> <p>18.1.1 Clinical relevance of chronotherapeutic drug-delivery</p> <p>systems </p> <p>18.2 Concepts and terminologies used in chronotherapeutics </p> <p>18.2.1 Period, level, amplitude, and phase </p> <p>18.3 Common disease states under chronotherapy </p> <p>18.3.1 Cardiovascular disease </p> <p>18.3.2 Asthma </p> <p>18.3.3 Pain </p> <p>18.3.4 Diabetes </p> <p>18.3.5 Gastric ulcer </p> <p>18.3.6 Cancer </p> <p>18.4 Drug-delivery strategies as chronopharmaceuticals </p> <p>18.4.1 Chronotherapeutics </p> <p>18.4.2 Ideal characteristics of chronotherapeutic drug-delivery</p> <p>systems </p> <p>18.4.3 Different techniques used to develop</p> <p>chronopharmaceuticals </p> <p>18.5 Biopolymer-based drug-delivery strategies as</p> <p>chronopharmaceuticals </p> <p>18.5.1 Hydrogels </p> <p>18.5.2 Reservoir system based on swellable/erodible natural</p> <p>polymers </p> <p>18.5.3 Low-density floating microparticulate system based on</p> <p>biopolymer </p> <p>18.5.4 Modified natural polymers as chronopharmaceuticals </p> <p>18.5.5 Pulsatile release from capsular system based on</p> <p>biopolymeric plug </p> <p>18.6 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>19 Biopolymeric systems for the delivery of nucleic acids </p> <p>Rinku Dutta, Shyam S. Mohapatra and Subhra Mohapatra</p> <p>19.1 Introduction </p> <p>19.2 Types of nucleic acids used in gene therapy </p> <p>19.3 Biopolymers used in gene delivery </p> <p>19.3.1 Polysaccharides </p> <p>19.3.2 Protein-based </p> <p>19.4 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>20 Stimuli-responsive biopolymeric systems for drug delivery to</p> <p>cancer cells </p> <p>Viviane Seba, Gabriel Silva, Bor Shin Chee, Jeferson Gustavo Henn,</p> <p>Gabriel Goetten de Lima, Zhi Cao, Mozart Marins and Michael Nugent</p> <p>20.1 Introduction </p> <p>20.2 Stimuli-responsive biopolymeric systems </p> <p>20.2.1 Ultrasound responsive </p> <p>20.2.2 Temperature responsive </p> <p>20.2.3 pH responsive </p> <p>20.2.4 Light responsive </p> <p>20.2.5 Enzymatic responsive </p> <p>20.2.6 Magnetic responsive </p> <p>20.2.7 Redox responsive </p> <p>20.2.8 Hypoxia responsive </p> <p>20.3 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>21 Biopolymeric systems for diagnostic applications </p> <p>Jacob Shreffler, Madison Koppelman, Babak Mamnoon, Sanku Mallik</p> <p>and Buddhadev Layek</p> <p>21.1 Introduction </p> <p>21.2 Biopolymers used for various diseases </p> <p>21.2.1 Infection </p> <p>21.2.2 Cancer </p> <p>21.2.3 Diabetes </p> <p>21.2.4 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia </p> <p>21.2.5 Blood sample stabilization </p> <p>21.3 Conclusion </p> <p>References </p> <p>22 Functionalized biopolymer-based drug delivery systems:</p> <p>current status and future perspectives </p> <p>Buddhadev Layek</p> <p>22.1 Introduction </p> <p>22.2 Summary of topics </p> <p>22.2.1 Introduction to tailor-made biopolymers in drug delivery</p> <p>applications </p> <p>22.2.2 Modified biopolymers </p> <p>22.2.3 Biopolymeric conjugates/composites </p> <p>22.2.4 Modified biopolymer-based biomaterials </p> <p>22.2.5 Biopolymeric systems in biomedical applications </p> <p>22.3 Conclusions and future perspectives </p> <p>References </p> <p>Index </p>