Diversity, Oppression, and Social Functioning

1 Framework for Practice with Diverse and Oppressed Clients<br> George A. Appleby <br>Theory for Practice 5 <br> <blockquote> Ecological Framework for Practice 6 <br>Diversity and Strengths Perspective 9 <br>Value Base for Practice 10 <br>Assessment and Intervention Framework 10 </blockquote>Conclusion 13 <br>References 14 <br> <br> 2 Culture, Social Class, and Social Identity Development<br> George A. Appleby <br>Culture 18 <br> <blockquote> Norms 18 <br>Values 20 <br>Language and Culture 21 <br>Cultural Change 23 <br>Subcultures 25 </blockquote>Social Class 26 <br> <blockquote> Education and Social Class 29 <br>Social Identity Development 30 <br>Social Categorization 30 </blockquote>Social Comparison 31 <br>Person-in-Environment Classification System 32 <br>Conclusion 34 <br>References 35 <br> <br> 3 Ethnic Identity Development 36<br> Elizabeth Rodriguez-Keyes <br>Western Models of Identity Development 36 <br> <blockquote> Erik Erikson 36 <br>James Marcia 38 <br>Critique of Western Psychological Theories 40 </blockquote>Ethnic Identity 41 <br>References 45 <br> <br> 4 Risk and Resilience: Impact of Early Trauma on Psychological and Physiological Functioning 47<br> Tammy Moscrip <br>An Ecological Framework: The Person-in-Environment System 47 <br>Psychological and Physiological Impacts of Early Trauma 48 <br>The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study 49 <br>The Stress Response: How Can Stress Translate into Illness? 51 <br>Neurobiology of Early Trauma: Understanding the Mind-Body Connection 52 <br>Coping Mechanisms and Resilience 55 <br>Assessing the Brain-Behavior Connection: Implications for Client Resiliency 57 <br>Conclusion 57 <br>References 59 <br> <br> 5 Dynamics of Oppression and Discrimination 61<br> George A. Appleby <br>Oppression and Power 61 <br> <blockquote> Sexual Oppression 64 <br>Racial Oppression 66 <br>Discrimination 66 </blockquote>Diversity 67 <br>Identity 69 <br>Stigma and Stigma Management 70 <br> <blockquote> Effects of Stigmatization 71 </blockquote>Conclusion 75 <br>References 76 <br> <br> 6 African-Americans: Consequences of Discrimination 78<br> Esther Howe and Julia Hamilton <br>The African American Community: A Socioeconomic Profile 79 <br>Race and Developmental Process 79 <br>African American Family Values and Patterns 81 <br>The Role of the African American Churches 83 <br>Educational Functioning and Achievement 83 <br>Effects of Interethnic Interaction 84 <br>Ethnicity within the African American Community 84 <br>Assessment and the Social Worker’s Role 85 <br>Case Study 86 <br>Conclusion 88 <br>References 88 <br> <br> 7 Women and Sexist Oppression 90<br> Barbara Worden <br>Case Study 92 <br>The PIE Classification System for Problems in Social Functioning 93 <br> <blockquote> PIE Assessment of Jean 94 <br>The Empowerment Framework 95 <br>Male Models of Structured Reality 96 <br>Madness as a Feminist Construct 98 </blockquote>Macro-Analysis: Feminist Epistemologies and the Nature of Knowledge Making 99 <br> <blockquote> What Do We Mean by the Oppression of Women? 102 </blockquote>Feminization of Poverty 103 <br>Conclusion 105 <br>Helpful Websites 105 <br>References 106 <br> <br> 8 A Multi-diversity Perspective on Latinos: Issues of Oppression and Social Functioning 108<br> Edgar Colon <br>Who is the Latino/Latina? 108 <br>Socio-demographic Profile 110 <br> <blockquote> Racial and Ethnic Identity 110 <br>Poverty and Social Status 110 <br>Labor Force Participation 111 <br>Latino Immigration to the United States 111 <br>Mexicans 111 <br>Puerto Ricans 112 <br>Cubans 112 <br>Central and South Americans 113 <br>Dominicans 113 <br>Latino Normative and Cultural Values 114 <br>Respect, Dignity, and Personalism 114 <br>Help Seeking Behaviors 115 <br>Latino Family 115 <br>Gender Roles 116 <br>Family Support System 116 </blockquote> <br>A PIE Perspective of Working with Issues of Oppression and Social Functioning 117 <br>Assessing for Social Functioning Problems 117 <br>Assessing for Mental Health Problems 118 <br>Case Illustration 121 <br>Factor I: Problems in Social Functioning 121 <br>Factor II: Problems in the Environment 121 <br>Conclusion 122 <br>References 122 <br> <br> 9 Native Americans: Oppression and Social Work Practice 126<br> Jack Paul Gesino <br>History of Racism 127 <br>Present Day: Social and Health Problems 129 <br>Mental Health 130 <br>Family, Beliefs, and Rituals 131 <br>Values and Traditions 132 <br>Spiritual Traditions of Native Americans 133 <br>Practice Implications 133 <br>Intervention 135 <br>The PIE System and Native Americans 136 <br>Case Study 137 <br>PIE Assessment of Mary 138 <br>Conclusion 141 <br>References 142 <br> <br>10 Asian Americans: Ethnocentrism and Discrimination 145<br> Michie N. Hesselbrock <br>Immigration and Resettlement Patterns and Consequences 147 <br> <blockquote> Chinese 147 <br>Japanese 148 <br>Filipinos 149 <br>Koreans and Asian Indians 150 <br>Southeast Asians 150 <br>Norms, Beliefs, and Cultural Stereotypes 151 <br>Common Beliefs 152 </blockquote>Mental Health Problems and Treatment Seeking 155 <br>Implications for Social Work Practice 156 <br>Summary 157 <br>Case Study 158 <br> <blockquote> PIE Assessment of Mr.Yee 158 </blockquote>Conclusion 159 <br>References 159 <br> <br> 11 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People Confront Heterocentrism, Heterosexism, and Homophobia 162<br> George A. Appleby <br>History 166 <br>Historical Oppression in Context 170 <br>Definitions 170 <br>The Roots of Oppression 173 <br> <blockquote> Gender Ideology 173 <br>Heterosexual Privilege 174 <br>Religion 175 <br>Psychiatry/Psychology 176 <br>Law and Policy 177 <br>Violence and Gay Bashing 178 </blockquote>Internalized Homophobia 180 <br>Conclusion 181 <br>References 182 <br> <br>12 Ableism: Social Work Practice with Physically Disabled Individuals 186<br> P. Minou Michilin and Silvia Juarez-Marazzo <br>Historical Overview 188 <br>Bioethics 190 <br>The Nature of Disability 191 <br> <blockquote> Functional Disability versus Socially Imposed Disability 191 <br>Early Age of Onset 193 <br>Later Age of Onset 196 </blockquote>Vulnerabilities and Risk Factors versus Resilience and Protective Factors 197 <br>Person-in-Environment Assessment 201 <br>Case Study 201 <br> <blockquote> The Social Worker’s Role 202 <br>Intervention 203 </blockquote>Conclusion 203 <br>References 204 <br> <br>13 Ableism: Mentally and Emotionally Challenged People 206<br> Jaak Rakfeldt <br>Theoretical Framework 207 <br>Mental Disorders as Social Roles 207 <br> <blockquote> Self-Concept 212 <br>Social Roles/Relationships and Psychiatric Disability 215 </blockquote>Case Study 217 <br> <blockquote> Theories of Practice: Person-in-Environment Analysis 219 <br>PIE Assessment of Steve 220 </blockquote>Conclusion 220 <br>References 221 <br> <br> 14 Social Work Practice with Immigrants 224<br> Silvia Juarez-Marazzo <br>The Contributions of Social Work to Immigration 224 <br>Demographics 225 <br>The Outsider 227 <br>The Circumstances 228 <br>Acculturation versus Adaptation: A Framework 229 <br>PIE Analysis 230 <br>Case Study 1 231 <br> <blockquote> PIE Analysis of Alicia 232 </blockquote>Case Study 2 233 <br> <blockquote> PIE Analysis of Muny 234 </blockquote>Conclusion 235 <br>References 236 <br> <br> 15 Lookism: Bias Based on Appearance 237<br> Esther Howe <br>Beauty Is and Beauty Does 238 <br>Appearance Discrimination in the Workplace 239 <br>Consequences of Appearance Discrimination on a Personal Level 240 <br>The Law 240 <br>Impact of Medical Advances on Appearance Discrimination 242 <br>Psychosocial Consequences for the Individual 242 <br>Case Study 242 <br> <blockquote> PIE Assessment of Patty 243 </blockquote>Conclusion 245 <br>References 246 <br> <br> 16 The “Ghetto Fabulous” Persona Among African American and Latino Youth: Issues of Social Oppression and Social Functioning 247<br> Edgar Colon, Luis Rodriguez, and Roberto Padilla <br>Social Functioning Issues in Inner City Communities 250 <br>A Person in Environment for Social Work Practice with African American and Latino Urban Youth 252 <br>Case Study 254 <br>Conclusion 256 <br>References 257 <br> <br> 17 Affirmative Practice with People Who Are Culturally Diverse and Oppressed 259<br> Edgar Colon, George A. Appleby, and Julia Hamilton <br>A Paradigm for Affirmative Practice 259 <br>Culture and Diversity: A Transactional View 259 <br> <blockquote> The Power of Personal Experience 260 <br>Diversity and Worldviews 260 <br>Interrelatedness and Interconnectedness of Human Experience 262 <br>Interlocking Systems of Oppression 263 <br>Practice Implications: Women 263 <br>Practice Implications: Gays and Lesbians 264 <br>Practice Implications: Latinos 266 <br>Practice Implications: African Americans 267 <br>Practice Implications: Native Americans 268 <br>Practice Implications: The Chronically Mentally Ill and the Physically Challenged 268 <br>Micro Systems Intervention 269 <br>Mezzo Intervention 271 <br>Cultural Competence and the Profession 272 <br>Macro Intervention 272 </blockquote>Conclusion 273 <br>References 274 <br> <br> Appendix A: PIE Assessment Forms for Factors I and II <br>