Laccase and Polyphenol Oxidase

Contributors<br>About the editor<br>Preface<br><br>CHAPTER 1 Functional roles of polyphenol oxidases in plants and fungi<br>Mehdi Kamali Dashtarzhaneh, Valentina Valencia Bernal and Fatemeh Khodadadi<br><br>Introduction<br>Polyphenol oxidase structure and mechanism<br>Enzymatic activity and reaction mechanisms of polyphenol oxidases<br>Latency and activation of polyphenol oxidases<br>Polyphenol oxidase and browning<br>Polyphenol oxidase functions against biotic stress in plants<br>Polyphenol oxidase function against plant pathogens<br>Polyphenol oxidase function against insect pests<br>Functions of polyphenol oxidases in plants against abiotic stress<br>Biological functions of polyphenol oxidases in plant metabolism synthesis<br>Betalain biosynthesis<br>Aurone biosynthesis<br>Tyrosine and esculetin metabolism<br>Lignan biosynthesis<br>Functions of polyphenol oxidases in fungi<br>Pigmentation and browning<br>Lignin degradation<br>Morphogenesis<br>Fungal defense and interaction<br>Polyphenol oxidase genes and characterization<br>Conclusions<br>References<br><br>CHAPTER 2 Plant PPO: Production, purification, and activity assays<br>Zhao Li, Kritika Shrestha and Yu Li<br><br>Introduction<br>Overall PPO structure<br>Structural information on the substrate specificity<br>Previous investigations on plant PPO purification and characterization<br>Crude extraction and purification of PPOs<br>Characterization of plant PPOs<br>Recombinant plant PPOs: Production, purification and characterization<br>Prior investigations into recombinant PPOs<br>Case study: Recombinant production, purification and characterization of grape PPO<br>Conclusions<br>References<br><br>CHAPTER 3 Laccase and polyphenol oxidase: Biochemistry and biotechnological applications<br>J. Ashwini John, Sana Riaz, S.K. Taihid Ali and Ethiraj Selvarajan<br><br>Introduction<br>Structure and catalytic site <br>Mechanism of enzyme action <br>Biochemical applications of polyphenol oxidase and laccase <br>Biosensing/biochemical sensing<br>Removal of pollutants <br>Other biotechnological applications<br>Food industry<br>Textile industry<br>Pharmaceutical industry<br>Bioremediation<br>Conclusions and future prospectives<br>References<br><br>CHAPTER 4 Recent advances in the design of PPO inhibitors<br>Chen Wai Wong, Zhi Zhou Siew, Win Yee Lim and Eric Wei Chiang Chan<br><br>Introduction<br>Polyphenol oxidase inhibitors in food packaging systems<br>The role of food packaging on enzymatic browning<br>Active packaging as an innovative approach to inhibit enzymatic browning<br>Choice between plant-based and synthetic PPO inhibitors in active packaging<br>Compatibility of plant-based inhibitors with active packaging<br>Polyphenol oxidase inhibitors in cosmeceuticals<br>Role of tyrosinase in melanogenesis<br>Melanogenesis-related dermatological issues<br>Plant-based cosmeceutical PPO inhibitors<br>Delivery systems for plant-based PPO inhibitors<br>Ethical screening methods for melanogenesis inhibition<br>Conclusion<br>References<br>Further reading<br><br>CHAPTER 5 Reaction mechanism and redox potential of laccase<br>Nabangshu Dev Sharma<br><br>Introduction - laccase as versatile biocatalysts<br>Basic structural features of laccases<br>Multidomain structure of laccase<br>Active site characteristics<br>Conserved sequential regions<br>Reaction mechanism of laccases and their unique substrate binding cavity<br>Substrate oxidation<br>Distinction between laccases and other MCOs<br>Oxygen reduction mechanism<br>Redox potential of laccases<br>Role of the axial ligand<br>Other impacting factors<br>Relation between redox potential and substrate specificity<br>Laccase engineering and the role of redox mediators<br>Factors influencing laccase activity other than redox potential<br>Conclusion<br>References<br><br>CHAPTER 6 Laccases: Biological functions and potential applications<br>Lan Huong Le Viet, Tomoko Matsuda and Ivanhoe K.H. Leung<br><br>Introduction<br>Enzyme structure and reaction<br>Laccase occurrence and characteristics<br>Plant laccases<br>Fungal laccases<br>Bacterial laccases<br>Insect laccases<br>Biological functions of laccases<br>Synthesis and degradation of lignin<br>Pigment formation and polyphenol oxidation<br>Pathogen defence<br>Biological functions of insect laccase<br>Biotechnological and industrial application of laccases<br>Biodegradation and bioremediation<br>Pulp and paper industry<br>Biosensors nanobiotechnology<br>Biofuels<br>Application in the food industry<br>Cosmetic and pharmaceutical manufacturing<br>Conclusions<br>References<br><br>CHAPTER 7 Challenges and applications of laccase inbioremediation<br>Ohinerau Bonnet, Tumanako Fa&rsquo;aui, Ivanhoe K.H. Leung, Shan Yi and Wei-Qin Zhuang<br><br>Introduction<br>Laccase structures and active sites<br>Laccases redox potential and substrate range<br>Benefits and drawbacks of current laccase degradation systems<br>Free laccase systems<br>Laccase-mediator systems<br>Immobilized laccase systems<br>Fungal versus bacterial laccases for biotechnological applications<br>Laccase-assisted bioremediation strategies<br>Dye decolorization of textile effluents <br>Detoxification of pulp and paper mill effluents<br>Pesticides<br>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals<br>Pharmaceuticals<br>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons<br>Challenges associated with the laccase-assisted bioremediation of emerging contaminants and future perspectives<br>Concluding remarks<br>AI disclosure<br>References<br><br>CHAPTER 8 Immobilization of Laccase for industrial wastewater treatment: Current challenges and future perspectives<br>Komla Alokpa, Vinoth Kumar Vaidyanathan and Hubert Cabana<br><br>Introduction<br>Laccase-catalyzed oxidation of substrates<br>Laccase mediator system<br>Cross-coupling and polymerization of substrates<br>Immobilization of laccase<br>Adsorption<br>Entrapment/encapsulation<br>Cross-linking<br>Covalent immobilization<br>Multi-enzyme immobilization<br>Combination of laccase-catalyzed oxidation and photocatalysis<br>Factors influencing laccase immobilization<br>Reactor configurations for laccase-based treatment of wastewater<br>Costs and competitiveness of laccase-based treatment of wastewater<br>(Eco)toxicity of immobilization carrier materials<br>Challenges and future outlook<br>Conclusion<br>References<br><br>CHAPTER 9 In silico bioprospecting and engineering laccases: Methods and applications<br>Ruite Xiang, Martin Floor, Lars H. Østergaard, Kirk M. Schnorr and Victor Guallar<br><br>Introduction<br>Molecular determinants of reactivity in laccases<br>Characterization of laccase activity. The computational protocol<br>In silico laccase engineering, putting the protocol to work<br>On demand bioprospecting with our computational protocol<br>Keep an eye on AI<br>Property design, not everything is about high catalytic rates<br>Conclusion<br>Acknowledgments<br>References<br><br>Index