<p>Contents<br>Contributors<br>Preface <br><br>1. Introduction to therapeutic drug monitoring: Frequently and less frequently monitored drugs<br>Amitava Dasgupta<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Drugs that require therapeutic drug monitoring <br>3. Benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring <br>4. Pathophysiological conditions and other factors that affect drug concentrations <br>5. Therapeutic drug monitoring of various drug class <br>6. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>2. Effects of preanalytical variables in therapeutic drug monitoring<br>Janetta Bryksin and Heather Stieglitz<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Lab-related variables <br>3. Patient-specific variables <br>4. Conclusions <br>References <br>Further reading <br><br>3. Analytical techniques used in therapeutic drug monitoring<br>Michael C. Milone<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. A general classification of analytical methods <br>3. Understanding and minimizing measurement uncertainty in the clinical laboratory <br>4. Immunoassays <br>5. Gas and liquid chromatography <br>6. Mass spectrometry and LC-MS/MS application to TDM <br>7. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>4. Therapeutic drug monitoring using alternative specimens: Saliva and dried blood spot<br>Kenichi Tamama<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Free drug hypothesis <br>3. Remote sampling for TDM <br>4. Oral fluid (saliva) <br>5. Saliva for TDM <br>6. Saliva collection <br>7. Factors affecting the distribution of the analytes in DBS <br>8. DBS with the precise volume deposition <br>9. Dried plasma spot <br>10. DBS for TDM <br>11. Specimen collection for DBS (and VAMS) <br>12. Laboratory analysis of saliva and dried blood spot <br>13. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>5. Clinical utility of free-drug monitoring<br>Florin Marcel Musteata<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Free concentrations versus total concentrations <br>3. Applications and methods for monitoring free drug concentrations <br>4. Alternative methods <br>5. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>6. Therapeutic drug monitoring of classical and newer anticonvulsants<br>Matthew Luke<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Pathophysiology of epilepsy <br>3. Antiepileptic drug monitoring <br>4. Indications for measuring a drug level <br>5. Therapeutic drug monitoring of classical AEDs <br>6. Newer anticonvulsants <br>7. Therapeutic monitoring of brivaracetam <br>8. Therapeutic monitoring of cannabidiol <br>9. Therapeutic monitoring of cenobamate <br>10. Therapeutic monitoring of clobazam <br>11. Therapeutic drug monitoring of eslicarbazepine acetate <br>12. Therapeutic drug monitoring of felbamate <br>13. Monitoring of fenfluramine <br>14. Monitoring of gabapentin <br>15. Therapeutic drug monitoring of lacosamide <br>16. Therapeutic drug monitoring of lamotrigine <br>17. Therapeutic drug monitoring of levetiracetam <br>18. Therapeutic drug monitoring of oxcarbazepine <br>19. Therapeutic drug monitoring of perampanel <br>20. Therapeutic drug monitoring of pregabalin <br>21. Therapeutic drug monitoring of rufinamide <br>22. Therapeutic drug monitoring of stiripentol <br>23. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tiagabine <br>24. Therapeutic drug monitoring of topiramate <br>25. Therapeutic drug monitoring of vigabatrin <br>26. Therapeutic drug monitoring of zonisamide <br>27. Analytical methods for monitoring of AEDs <br>28. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>7. Challenges in therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin and other antiarrhythmic drugs<br>Amitava Dasgupta<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Challenges in therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin <br>3. Therapeutic drug monitoring of other antiarrhythmic drugs <br>4. Chromatographic methods for determining multiple antiarrhythmic drugs simultaneously <br>5. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>8. Guidelines for monitoring vancomycin, aminoglycosides, and other antibiotics<br>Amy L. Pyle-Eilola<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Vancomycin <br>3. Aminoglycosides <br>4. Therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam antibiotics <br>5. Therapeutic drug monitoring sulfonamides and trimethoprim <br>6. Therapeutic drug monitoring of chloramphenicol and tetracycline <br>7. Therapeutic drug monitoring of quinolones <br>8. Therapeutic drug monitoring of macrolides <br>9. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimycobacterial agents <br>10. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>9. Challenges in therapeutic drug monitoring of classical tricyclic and newer antidepressants: analytical and pharmacogenetics considerations<br>Uttam Garg and Angela Ferguson<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Tricyclic antidepressants <br>3. Newer antidepressants <br>4. Pharmacogenetic considerations in TDM of antidepressants<br>5. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>10. Antiretroviral drug therapeutic drug monitoring for the management of human immunodeficiency infection<br>Patrick D. DeArmond and Dustin R. Bunch<br><br>Abbreviations <br>1. Introduction <br>2. Role of therapeutic drug monitoring <br>3. TDM instrumentation and matrices of antiretroviral drugs <br>4. TDM of antiretroviral drugs by classes <br>5. Challenges in practical application of TDM in managing patients with HIV <br>6. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>11. Therapeutic drug monitoring of selected antifungal agents<br>Matthew D. Krasowski<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Overview of therapeutic drug monitoring of antifungal drugs <br>3. Analytical methods to support TDM of antifungal drugs <br>4. Specific antifungal drugs <br>5. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>12. Therapeutic drug monitoring of selected direct oral anticoagulants<br>Emmanuel J. Favaloro and Robert C. Gosselin<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. DOAC: Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, clinical indications, and dosing <br>3. DOAC measurementsdoverview <br>4. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>13. Drug testing in pain management<br>Bridgit O. Crews and Amadeo J. Pesce<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Utility and cost of drug testing in pain management <br>3. Substance abuse and addiction medicine <br>4. Drug testing approaches <br>5. Drug testing menu <br>6. Results reporting <br>7. Testing frequency <br>8. Specimen types and alternative specimens <br>9. Specimen collection and testing workflow <br>10. Analytical approaches <br>11. Specific analytes and interpretation <br>12. Stimulants <br>13. Novel psychoactive substances <br>14. Pharmacogenomics <br>15. Conclusions <br>References <br>Further reading <br><br>14. An introduction to personalized medicine<br>Joshua Bornhorst<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Overview of classical sequence variation profiling techniques <br>3. Recent molecular profiling technologies <br>4. Select example biomarkers in pharmacogenomics <br>5. Translational approaches associated with pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine <br>6. Conclusions <br>References <br>Further reading <br><br>15. Genomic technology advances and the promise for precision medicine<br>Jacopo Umberto Verga, Adam Lloyd, Arthur Sarron, and Gary Hardiman<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. DNA microarrays <br>3. Sequencing technologies <br>4. Pharmacogenetic testing and healthcare <br>5. Systems medicine <br>6. Disease diagnosis <br>7. Drug discovery <br>8. Precision medicine <br>9. Challenges in machine learning for systems medicine <br>10. Conclusion <br>11. Future prospects <br>References <br><br>16. Pharmacogenomics and warfarin therapy<br>Jennifer Martin<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. The potential of pharmacogenetics for warfarin <br>3. Pharmacology <br>4. Nongenetic factors affecting warfarin dosing <br>5. Clinical relevance <br>6. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics testing in warfarin therapy <br>7. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>17. Drug hypersensitivity linked to genetic variations of human leukocyte antigen<br>Debleena Guin and Ritushree Kukreti<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. HLA: Molecular structure, genomic organization, polymorphism, and nomenclature <br>3. Repositories related to HLA alleles and associated ADRs <br>4. HLA alleles and their association with drug-induced ADRs <br>5. Steven Johns syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) <br>6. Morbilliform drug eruption <br>7. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms DRESS <br>8. Drug-induced liver injury <br>9. Clinical recommendations for HLA genotyping <br>10. Conclusions <br>Acknowledgment <br>References <br><br>18. Therapeutic drug monitoring of selected anticancer drugs: pharmacogenomics issues<br>Michael C. Milone<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Traditional therapeutic drug monitoring for anticancer drugs <br>3. Newer approaches to personalized dosing and treatment with anticancer agents: pharmacogenetics <br>4. Pharmacogenetic considerations for specific anti-cancer agents <br>5. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>19. Consequences of differences in bio-analytical assays for the precision monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs<br>Serge Cremers and Alex Lyashchenko<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Immunosuppressive drugs and their metabolites <br>3. Sample matrix <br>4. Various analytical techniques for measuring immunosuppressants <br>5. Stability <br>6. Proficiency testing and comparison studies <br>7. Interassay differencesdare they relevant? <br>8. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>20. Donor-derived cell-free DNA as a marker of graft injury after solid organ transplantation<br>Michael Oellerich, Klemens Budde, Kirsten Bornemann-Kolatzki, Karen Sherwood, Bilgin Osmanodja, Michael Melter, Julia Beck, Ekkehard Schütz, Paul Keown, and Philip D. Walson<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Causes of chronic allograft dysfunction <br>3. Need for biomarkers <br>4. Value of conventional TDM <br>5. Biomarkers for immune monitoring as supplement to TDM <br>6. Molecular methods: Biopsy and cellular approaches <br>7. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>21. Pharmacodynamic monitoring as an integral part of therapeutic drug monitoring<br>Loralie J. Langman and Paul J. Jannetto<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Drug concentrations <br>3. Pharmacodynamic monitoring <br>4. Physiological biomarkers <br>5. Laboratory biomarkers <br>6. Drug-specific and nonspecific PD biomarkers <br>7. Summary <br>References <br><br>22. Role of therapeutic drug monitoring to identify clinically significant drug-herbal supplement interaction<br>Sergei Likhodii, Alex C. Chin, and Leland B. Baskin<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Herbedrug interaction mechanisms <br>3. Impact of herb supplements and herbedrug interactions in clinical practice <br>4. Contamination of herbal supplements <br>5. Analytical interferences caused by some herbal supplements <br>6. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>Index </p>