1. Introduction on Mountain Social-Ecological Systems<br><br>Part 1: LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANS<br>2. Socioeecological challenges and opportunities for Latin American Mountains<br>3. Integrated Volcanic Disaster Risk Management in Mexico: insights, challenges and opportunities<br>4. Manizales' Innovative Urban Risk Transition for Improving the Resilience of an Andean Tomorrow's City<br>5. Extractive Industry in South America: Mining, Land and Conflicts in the Lithium Triangle<br>6. Coffee and environmental change in the Colombian Andes. Strategies to cope with climatic and market variability<br>7. Climate Services Provision and Energy Production in the Mountains of Guatemala: Forecasting Streamflow in the Upper Samalá River Watershed<br>8. The role of urban infrastructures for sustainable development of Andean cities<br>9. Land-use and climate change impacts in the Venezuelan Andes at multiple spatial-temporal scales<br>10. Understanding the governance structure of biosphere reserves in Central America is critical for sustainability<br>11. Promoting sustainable mountain development: a strategy to bridge science and action in the Andes<br><br>Part 2: AFRICA<br>12. Introduction as Regional Coordinator – Africa<br>13. Mountains of Southern Africa<br>14. Mountains of Madagascar<br>15. Mountains of Eastern Africa<br>16. Mountains of Western Africa<br>17. Mountains of Northern Africa<br>18. Mountains of African-associated islands<br><br>Part 3: EUROPE<br>19. Introduction as Regional Coordinator for Europe<br>20. climate vulnerabilities and risks in Europe, covering the Alps and Carpathian and maybe via means of co-authors also other European mountains, showcases from our experience with the carious projects in the Alps and in South Tyrol<br>21. Ecosystem services in the European Alps and global interlinkages<br>22. Coping with natural hazards in the Romanian Carpathians: challenges and opportunities<br>23. New insights into land ownership and partnerships from the mountains of Scotland<br>24. In-migration to European mountain regions: a challenge for local resilience and sustainable development<br>25. Words of Warning: What natural hazards fiction set in the Alps can teach us<br>26. Addressing climate action, soil protection and risk governance in the Alps: The Alpine Convention’s contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals<br>27. Science-policy-practice collaborations towards sustainable development in the Carpathian Region<br><br>Part 3: CENTRAL ASIA<br>28. Introduction as Regional Coordinator<br>29. Past and future glacier changes and sustainable development of the Tarim River oases (Xinjiang, NW China)<br>30. Glacier monitoring as a prerequisite for local-scale adaption of water resource management<br>31. Land degradation in the mountain regions of Central Asia: the role of pastoral tenure systems<br>32. Case study: Land Degradation of pastures in Suusamyr Valley in Kyrgyzstan<br>33. Stakeholder dialogue for improved water management in the Central Asian region<br>34. Regional Nexus Dialogues for increased investments in water, energy and food security<br><br>Part 4: HINDU KUSH HIMALAYA<br>35. Introduction to HKH regional chapter<br>36. Safeguarding the Third Pole: Risks, challenges and opportunities from the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region<br>37. Climate-Smart Agriculture in the Western Himalaya: A Case Study from Northern Pakistan<br>38. Adapting to the changing landscape in the Altai Mountains: A case study of Sutai Mountain of Mongolia<br>39. Impacts of natural hazards and early warning system in the Nepal Himalaya<br>40. Closing Chapter