Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Characterization, and Applications, Second Edition

Cover <br/> Title Page <br/> Copyright Page <br/> About the Author <br/> Contents <br/> Preface <br/> Part 1 Nanomaterials, Processing, and Characterization <br/> 1 Introduction to Nanotechnology <br/> 1.1 Definition of Nanotechnology <br/> 1.2 Brief History of Nanotechnology <br/> 1.3 What Is the Significance of Nanoscale Materials? <br/> 1.4 Why Is This Nanoscale So Special and Unique? <br/> 1.5 How Polymer Nanocomposites Work <br/> 1.6 Strengths and Weaknesses of Nanoparticles <br/> 1.7 Safety of Nanoparticles <br/> 1.8 Overview of the Book <br/> 1.9 Summary <br/> 1.10 Study Questions <br/> 1.11 References <br/> 1.12 Further Reading <br/> 2 An Overview of Nanomaterials <br/> 2.1 Introduction <br/> 2.2 Types of Nanomaterials <br/> 2.2.1 One Nanoscale Dimension in the Form of Lamellar <br/> 2.2.2 Two Nanoscale Dimensions in the Form of Fibers <br/> 2.2.3 Three Nanoscale Dimensions in the Form of Particulates <br/> 2.3 Summary <br/> 2.4 Study Questions <br/> 2.5 References <br/> 3 Selecting Resin Matrix and Nanomaterials for Applications <br/> 3.1 Characteristics of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 3.2 Different Types of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 3.2.1 Thermoplastic-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 3.2.2 Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 3.2.3 Elastomer-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 3.3 Summary <br/> 3.4 Study Questions <br/> 3.5 References <br/> 4 Processing of Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 4.1 Synthesis Methods <br/> 4.2 Solution Intercalation <br/> 4.2.1 Solution Intercalation from Polymers in Solution <br/> 4.2.2 Solution Intercalation from Prepolymers in Solution <br/> 4.3 Melt Intercalation <br/> 4.3.1 Thermoplastic Nanocomposites <br/> 4.3.2 Elastomer Nanocomposites <br/> 4.4 Three-Roll Milling <br/> 4.5 Centrifugal Processing <br/> 4.6 In Situ Polymerization <br/> 4.6.1 Thermoplastic Nanocomposites <br/> 4.6.2 Thermoset Nanocomposites <br/> 4.6.3 Rubber-Modified Epoxy Nanocomposites <br/> 4.7 Emulsion Polymerization <br/> 4.8 High-Shear Mixing <br/> 4.9 Ultrasonic Mixing <br/> 4.10 Summary <br/> 4.11 Study Questions <br/> 4.12 References <br/> 5 Structure and Property Characterization <br/> 5.1 Global Characterization Methods <br/> 5.2 Optical Microscopy <br/> 5.3 X-Ray Diffraction <br/> 5.4 Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy <br/> 5.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) <br/> 5.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) <br/> 5.4.3 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) <br/> 5.5 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) <br/> 5.6 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) <br/> 5.6.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) <br/> 5.6.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) <br/> 5.7 Raman Spectroscopy <br/> 5.8 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) <br/> 5.9 Other Techniques <br/> 5.10 Mechanical Properties <br/> 5.11 Thermal Properties <br/> 5.11.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) <br/> 5.11.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) <br/> 5.11.3 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) <br/> 5.11.4 Thermal Conductivity <br/> 5.11.5 Other Thermal Properties <br/> 5.12 Flammability Properties <br/> 5.12.1 Cone Calorimeter (CC) <br/> 5.12.2 Mass Loss Calorimetry (MLC) <br/> 5.12.3 Microscale Combustion Calorimetry (MCC) <br/> 5.12.4 Oxygen Index—Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) <br/> 5.12.5 UL 94 <br/> 5.12.6 Steiner Tunnel Test (ASTM E 84) <br/> 5.13 Ablation Properties <br/> 5.13.1 Simulated Solid Rocket Motor (SSRM) <br/> 5.13.2 Subscale Solid Rocket Motor (Char Motor) <br/> 5.13.3 Oxyacetylene Test Bed (OTB) <br/> 5.13.4 Char Strength Sensor <br/> 5.13.5 In Situ Ablation Recession and Thermal Sensors <br/> 5.14 Electrical Properties <br/> 5.15 Other Properties <br/> 5.16 Summary, Future Needs, and Assessments <br/> 5.17 Study Questions <br/> 5.18 References <br/> Part 2 Multifunctional Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 6 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 6.1 Introduction <br/> 6.2 Thermoplastic-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 6.2.1 Nanoclay-Based Thermoplastic Nanocomposites <br/> 6.2.2 Carbon-Based Thermoplastic Nanocomposites <br/> 6.2.3 Other Nanomaterial-Based Thermoplastic Nanocomposites <br/> 6.2.4 Summary of Thermoplastic-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 6.3 Thermoplastic Elastomer–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 6.3.1 Nanoclay-Based Thermoplastic Elastomer Nanocomposites <br/> 6.3.2 Carbon-Based Thermoplastic Elastomer Nanocomposites <br/> 6.3.3 Other Nanomaterial-Based Thermoplastic Elastomer Nanocomposites <br/> 6.3.4 Summary of Thermoplastic Elastomer–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 6.4 Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 6.4.1 Epoxy Nanocomposites <br/> 6.4.2 Special Types of CNT-Based Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 6.4.3 Summary of Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 6.5 Overall Summary <br/> 6.6 Study Questions <br/> 6.7 References <br/> 7 Thermal Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 7.1 Introduction <br/> 7.2 Thermoplastic-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 7.2.1 Polypropylene-Clay Nanocomposites <br/> 7.2.2 PEEK–Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposites <br/> 7.2.3 PVC-Layered Double-Hydroxide Nanocomposites <br/> 7.2.4 Hybrid Systems <br/> 7.2.5 Summary of Thermal Properties of Thermoplastic-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 7.3 Thermoplastic Elastomer–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 7.3.1 Thermoplastic Polyurethane–Montmorillonite Clay <br/> 7.3.2 Thermoplastic Polyurethane–MWNT Nanocomposites <br/> 7.3.3 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Mixed with Laponite and Cloisite <br/> 7.3.4 Poly(dimethyl siloxane)/Boron Nitride <br/> 7.3.5 Polyethylene/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes <br/> 7.3.6 Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer/ZnO <br/> 7.3.7 Summary of Thermal Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomer–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 7.4 Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 7.4.1 Epoxy Nanocomposites <br/> 7.4.2 Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 7.4.3 Heterogeneously Structured Conductive Resin Matrix/Graphite Fiber Composite for High Thermal Conductive Structural Applications <br/> 7.5 Summary of Thermal Conductivity Properties of Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 7.6 Phenylethynyl Polyimide–Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites <br/> 7.7 Summary of Thermal Properties of Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 7.8 Overall Summary <br/> 7.9 Study Questions <br/> 7.10 References <br/> 8 Flammability Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 8.1 Introduction <br/> 8.2 Thermal and Flame Retardancy Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 8.2.1 One Nanoscale Dimension–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 8.2.2 Two Nanoscale Dimensions–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 8.2.3 Three Nanoscale Dimensions–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 8.2.4 Multicomponent FR Systems: Polymer Nanocomposites Combined with Additional Materials <br/> 8.3 Flame-Retardant Mechanisms of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 8.4 Concluding Remarks and Trends of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 8.5 Study Questions <br/> 8.6 References <br/> 9 Ablation Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 9.1 Introduction <br/> 9.2 Behavior of Thermal Protection Materials <br/> 9.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Review <br/> 9.3.1 Thermoplastic Nanocomposite Studies <br/> 9.3.2 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposite Studies <br/> 9.3.3 EPDM Nanocomposite Studies <br/> 9.3.4 Natural Rubber (NR) and Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR) Nanocomposite Studies <br/> 9.3.5 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposite (TPUN) Studies <br/> 9.3.6 Phenolic Nanocomposite Studies <br/> 9.4 In Situ Ablation Sensing Technology <br/> 9.4.1 A Comparison Among the Temperature Profiles of High-, Mid-, and Low-Density Materials <br/> 9.4.2 Summary and Conclusions of Ablation Recession Rate of Different Types of Ablatives and Future Outlook <br/> 9.5 Overall Summary and Conclusions <br/> 9.6 Study Questions <br/> 9.7 References <br/> 10 Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 10.1 Introduction <br/> 10.2 Electrical Properties of Thermoplastic-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.2.1 Carbon Nanotube–Reinforced Thermoplastic-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.2.2 Carbon Nanofiber–Reinforced Thermoplastic-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.2.3 Graphite-Reinforced Thermoplastic-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.3 Electrical Properties of Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.3.1 Carbon Nanotube–Reinforced Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.3.2 Carbon Nanofiber–Reinforced Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.3.3 Carbon Black–Reinforced Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.3.4 Graphite-Reinforced Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.4 Electrical Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomer–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.4.1 Inorganic Filler in Thermoplastic Elastomer–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.4.2 Organic Fillers in Thermoplastic Elastomer–Based Nanocomposites <br/> 10.5 Summary <br/> 10.6 Study Questions <br/> 10.7 References <br/> 11 Widespread Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 11.1 Introduction <br/> 11.2 Tribological Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 11.2.1 Abrasion, Wear, and Scratch Resistance Characterization Techniques <br/> 11.2.2 Wear and Abrasion Resistance of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites <br/> 11.2.3 Wear and Scratch Resistance of Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites <br/> 11.2.4 Wear Resistance of PTFE-Graphene Nanocomposites <br/> 11.2.5 Summary of Tribological Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 11.3 Permeability Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites and Applications of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in the Oil Field <br/> 11.4 Overall Summary <br/> 11.5 Study Questions <br/> 11.6 References <br/> 11.7 Further Reading <br/> Part 3 Opportunities and Trends for Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 12 Opportunities, Trends, and Challenges for Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 12.1 Introduction <br/> 12.2 Government and Commercial Research Opportunities <br/> 12.2.1 U.S. Government Research Opportunities, Program Plans, and Progress <br/> 12.2.2 Commercial Market Opportunities <br/> 12.2.3 Cost and Property and Geographical Breakdown Analyses <br/> 12.2.4 Technical and Funding Developments <br/> 12.3 Nanotechnology Research Output <br/> 12.4 Trend and Forecast <br/> 12.5 Challe
nges <br/> 12.5.1 Manufacturability of Nanoparticles <br/> 12.5.2 Manufacturability of Polymer Nanocomposites <br/> 12.6 Concluding Remarks <br/> 12.7 References <br/> Index