Cell Membranes

1 Regulation of Development by the Extracellular Matrix.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Analysis, Localization, and Functions of Cell-to-SubstrateAdhesion Molecules.- 2.1. Laminin.- 2.2. Fibronectin.- 3. Involvement of Cell—Substratum Adhesion Molecules in EmbryonicCell Migration.- 3.1. Gastrulation.- 3.2. Migration of Avian Neural Crest Cells.- 3.3. Migration of Primordial Germ Cells.- 3.4. Elongation of Neurites.- 4. Involvement of Cell—Substratum Adhesion Molecules in Tissue Remodeling.- 4.1. Dissociation of Epithelia.- 4.2. Formation of Epithelia.- 4.3. Remodeling of Epithelia.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Thrombospondin: A Multifunctional Platelet and Extracellular Matrix Glycoprotein.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Molecular Interactions of Thrombospondin.- 2.1. Structure of Thrombospondin.- 2.2. Interactions with Ca2+, Heparin, and Other Proteins.- 2.3. Organization of Functional Domains.- 3. Roles for Thrombospondin in Platelet Function.- 4. Presence of Thrombospondin in Extracellular Matrices.- 4.1. Synthesis of Thrombospondin by Cells in Culture.- 4.2. Immunolocation of Thrombospondin in Tissues.- 5. Possible Functional Roles for Thrombospondin in the ExtracellularMatrix.- 5.1. Organizational and Other Roles.- 5.2. Evidence for an Involvement of Thrombospondin in CellProliferation.- 5.3. A Role for Thrombospondin in the Regulation of Proliferation ofVascular Smooth Muscle Cells.- 6. Synopsis.- References.- 3 Neuronal Antigens Involved in Cell Adhesion and Cell Recognition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Identification of Neural Antigens Using Immunological Approaches.- 3. Role of Identified Antigens in Neuronal Cell Recognition.- 3.1. Cell Type-Specific Molecules.- 3.2. Monoclonal Antibodies as Probes for the Analysis of AxonalGuidance.- 3.3. Neural Cell Migration.- 4. Neuronal Cell-Adhesion Molecules.- 5. N-CAM.- 5.1. Chemistry of N-CAM.- 5.2. Biological Function of N-CAM.- 5.3. In Vivo Analysis of N-CAM Function.- 5.4. Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan in N-CAM function.- 6. Relationship of N-CAM to Other Neuronal Cell-Adhesion Molecules.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Mechanisms of ?1-Adrenergic and Related Responses: Roles ofCalcium, Phospoinositides, Guanine Nucleotides, Diacylglycerol,Calmodulin, and Changes in Protein Phosphorylation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The ?1Adrenergic Receptor.- 3. Changes in Cell Ca2+ Induced by ?1Adrenergic Agonists.- 4. Role of Phosphoinositide Changes.- 5. Role of Guanine Nucleotide—Binding Regulatory Protein.- 6. Role of Myoinositol Trisphosphate and Ca2+ Release.- 7. Role of Diacylglycerol and Protein Kinase C.- 8. Role of Ca2+ -Calmodulin-Regulated Enzymes and Other Proteins.- 9. Summary.- References.- 5 Regulation of Protein Kinase C by Lipid Cofactors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Activation of Protein Kinase C in Vivo by Diacylglycerols.- 2.1. Specific Phosphorylations and Inhibition of Phorbol EsterBinding.- 2.2. Platelets.- 2.3. Neutrophils.- 2.4. Other Release Reactions.- 2.5. Receptor Regulation.- 2.6. Proliferation, Differentiation, and Differentiated Functions.- 2.7. Interactions with Other Second Messenger Systems.- 2.8. Effects of Ion Conductance.- 2.9. Other Responses Elicited by Diacylglycerols.- 2.10. Effects of Phospholipase C Treatment.- 3. Activation of Protein Kinase C in Vitro.- 3.1. Activation by Lipids.- 3.2. Activation by Phorbol Diesters.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Protein Kinase C and Its Role in Cell Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Protein Kinase C.- 2.1. The Enzyme.- 2.2. Inhibitors.- 2.3. Antibodies.- 2.4. Natural Agonists.- 2.5. Activation by Tumor Protomers.- 2.6. Read Protein Kinase C for Phorbol Ester Receptor.- 2.7. Subcellular Distribution of Protein Kinase C.- 2.8. Is M Kinase Involved in Signal Transduction?.- 2.9. Regulation of Protein Kinase C by Phosphorylation.- 2.10. Multiple Forms of Protein Kinase C.- 3. Identification of Substrates for Protein Kinase C.- 3.1. Receptor Substrates.- 3.2. Nonreceptor Substrates.- 3.3. Predicting Phosphorylation Sites for Protein Kinase C.- 4. Cellular Effects of Tumor Promoters.- 4.1. Carcinogenic Effects.- 4.2. Effects on Cell Differentiation.- 4.3. Mitogenic Effects.- 4.4. Effects on Gene Expression and Enzymatic Activities.- 4.5. Effects on Transport and Ion Fluxes.- 4.6. Effects on Cell Morphology.- 4.7. Effects on Secretion.- 4.8. Effects of Phorbol Esters in the Presence of Agonists.- 4.9. Can the Effects of Tumor Promoters on Cells Be Mimicked bySynthetic Diacylglycerols?.- 5. Interaction of Protein Kinase C with Other SignalingSystems.- 5.1. Interaction with the cAMP Pathway.- 5.2. Interactions between the Two Limbs of the PhosphatidylinositolTurnover Pathway.- 5.3. Interactions between Protein Kinase C and Protein—TyrosineKinases.- 6. Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- 7 Modulation of the Extracellular Matrix by Tumor Cell—FibroblastInteractions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect of Tumor Cell—Fibroblast Interactions on Production of Matrix-Degrading Enzymes.- 2.1. Type I Collagenase.- 2.2. Other Matrix-Degrading Enzymes.- 3. Effect of Tumor Cell—Fibroblast Interactions on Production ofExtracellular Macromolecules.- 3.1. Hyaluronate.- 3.2. Other Extracellular Macromolecules.- 4. Cell—Cell Interactions and Extracellular Matrix Modulation inEmbryonic Development, Tissue Regeneration, and Tumor Invasion.- References.- 8 Early Cytoplasmic Signals and Cytoskeletal Responses Initiated byGrowth Factors in Cultured Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ions as Signals.- 2.1. Ca2+.- 2.2. H+.- 3. Inositol Lipid Metabolites as Signals.- 4. cAMP as a Signal.- 5. Protein Phosphorylation as a Signal.- 6. Mechanisms of Desensitization to Growth Factor Stimulation.- 7. Cell Shape and Motility.- 8. Cytoskeleton.- 9. Phorbol Esters and the Cytoskeleton.- 10. Cytoplasmic pH and the Cytoskeleton.- 11. Model of the Role of the Ca2+ Signaling Pathway in Regulating theActin-Based Cytoskeleton.- 12. Prospectus.- References.