Mediators and Drugs in Gastrointestinal Motility II

1 Endogenous Substances Which Can Affect Gastrointestinal Motility.- General Introduction.- References.- 2a Peptides: Gastrointestinal Hormones.- Gastrin.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on the Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- I. Excitation.- 1. In Vitro Studies.- 2. In Vivo Studies.- II. Inhibition.- C. Effects on the Stomach.- I. In Vitro Studies.- 1. Experimental Animals.- 2. Humans.- II. In Vivo Studies.- 1. Experimental Animals.- 2. Humans.- D. Effects on the Small and Large Intestine.- I. In Vitro Studies.- II. In Vivo Studies.- 1. Experimental Animals.- 2. Humans.- E. Conclusions.- References.- Cholecystokinin.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure-Activity Relationships.- C. Effects on the Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- D. Effects on the Stomach.- I. In Vivo Studies.- 1. Gastric Emptying.- II. In Vitro Studies.- E. Effects on Small and Large Intestine.- I. In Vivo Studies.- 1. Experimental Animals.- 2. Humans.- II. In Vitro Studies.- F. Conclusions.- References.- Secretin.- A. Introduction.- B. Action on the Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- C. In Vivo Effects on the Stomach.- D. Gastric Emptying.- E. In Vitro Effects on the Stomach.- F. Effects on the Intestine.- G. Conclusions.- References.- Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on Gastrointestinal Motility.- I. Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- II. Intragastric Pressure.- III. Intraluminal Pressure.- C. Interactions.- References.- 2b Peptides: Candidate Hormones.- Substance P.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure-Activity Relationships.- C. Action on Gut Motility.- I. In Vitro Studies.- 1. Natural Analogs.- 2. Antagonists.- II. In Vivo Studies.- D. Conclusions.- References.- Motilin.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on Gastrointestinal Motility.- I. In Vitro Studies.- II. In Vivo Studies.- 1. Action on the Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- 2. Action on the Motility of the Stomach and the Intestine.- C. Conclusions.- References.- Neurotensin.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure-Activity Relationships.- C. Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract.- I. In Vitro Studies.- II. In Vivo Studies.- References.- Bombesin.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on the Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract.- I. In Vitro Studies.- II. In Vivo Studies.- 1. Effects on the Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- 2. Effects on the Stomach.- 3. Effects on the Small and Large Intestine.- C. Conclusions.- References.- 2c Peptides: Pancreatic Hormones.- Glucagon.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on the Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- C. Effect on the Stomach.- I. In Vivo Studies.- II. In Vitro Studies.- D. Effects on the Small Intestine.- I. Studies in Experimental Animals.- II. Studies in Humans.- E. Effects on the Large Intestine.- F. Conclusions.- References.- Insulin.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on the Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- C. Effects on the Stomach.- D. Effect on the Small Intestine.- E. Effects on the Large Intestine.- I. In Vitro Studies.- F. Mechanism of Action.- References.- Pancreatic Polypeptide.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure-Activity Relationships.- C. Effect on Gastrointestinal Motility.- References.- 2d Peptides: Other Hormones.- Vasopressin.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on the Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract.- References.- Calcitonin.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on Gastrointestinal Motility.- I. In Vivo Studies.- II. In Vitro Studies.- References.- Coherin.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects of Coherin.- C. Conclusions.- References.- Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone.- A. Introduction.- B. In Vitro Studies.- C. In Vivo Studies.- References.- 2e Peptides: Locally Active Peptides (“Vasoactive Peptides”).- Angiotensin.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure-Activity Relationships.- C. Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract.- I. In Vitro Studies.- II. In Vivo Studies.- D. Conclusions.- References.- Bradykinin.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract.- I. In Vitro Studies.- II. In Vivo Studies.- C. Mechanism of Action.- D. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Amines: Histamine.- A. Introduction.- B. Activity on the Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- C. Action on the Stomach.- D. Gastric Emptying.- E. Action on the Intestine.- F. H2-Receptors.- G. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Acidic Lipids: Prostaglandins.- A. Introduction.- B. Occurrence, Formation, Release, and Degradation of Prostanoids.- I. Occurrence.- II. Formation and Release.- III. Degradation.- C. Actions of Prostanoids on the Tone and Reactivity of Isolated Gastrointestinal Muscle.- D. Prostanoids and Gastrointestinal Nerves.- I. Parasympathetic and Noncholinergic Excitatory Nerves.- II. Adrenergic and Nonadrenergic Inhibitory Nerves.- III. Other Possible Nerves and Neurotransmitters.- E. Prostanoid Antagonists and Different Types of Prostanoid Receptors.- F. Prostanoids and Peristalsis In Vitro.- G. Prostanoids and Motility In Vivo.- H. Prostanoids as Factors in Disordered Gastrointestinal Motility.- I. Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux.- II. Gastrointestinal Disturbances.- III. Diarrhoea.- 1. Bacterial Endotoxins.- 2. Cholera Exotoxin.- 3. Irradiation.- 4. Tumours.- 5. Irritable Colon Syndrome.- 6. Food Intolerance.- 7. Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction.- 8. Dysmenorrhoea.- 9. Idiopathic Postural Hypotension.- 10. Treatment of Diarrhoea with Nutmeg.- J. Beneficial Effects of Prostanoids in Disorders of Gastrointestinal Motility.- I. Worm Expulsion.- II. Postoperative Ileus.- III. Laxatives.- K. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Pharmacology of Adrenergic, Cholinergic, and Drugs Acting on Other Receptors in Gastrointestinal Muscle.- A. General Principles.- I. Myogenic Activity of Gastrointestinal Muscle.- II. Nervous Control of Gastrointestinal Muscle.- III. Receptors and Receptor Mechanisms.- B. Drugs Acting on Adrenoceptors.- I. Alpha-Receptors.- II. Beta-Receptors.- III. Possible Distinction Between Beta1- and Beta2-Adrenoceptors.- IV. Dopamine Receptors.- V. Metoclopramide and Domperidone.- 1. Possible Role as Dopamine Antagonists.- 2. Clinical Applications.- C. Cholinergic Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract.- I. Muscarinic Receptors.- 1. Molecular Mode of Action of Cholinergic Agonists.- 2. Transmission at Gastrointestinal Neuronal Synapses.- II. Presynaptic Cholinergic Receptors.- III. Nicotinic Receptors.- D. Morphine and Drugs Acting on Opiate Receptors.- I. Endogenous Opiates.- II. Mode of Opiate Action in Guinea-Pig Intestine.- III. A Physiological Role for Endogenous Opiates in Guinea-Pig Intestine.- IV. Mode of Opiate Action in Other Species.- V. Central and Peripheral Sites of Action of Opiate Agonists.- VI. Opiate Receptor Types.- VII. Opiate Agonists Selective for Gut Receptors.- VIII. Clinical Applications of Opiate Antidiarrhoeal Agents.- E. Laxatives and Constipating Agents.- F. Direct and Indirect Actions.- G. Serotonin Receptors and Antagonists.- I. Early Studies.- II. Neuronal Receptors.- III. Muscle Receptors.- H. Histamine Receptors and Antagonists.- I. H1-Receptors.- II. H2-Receptors.- III. Problems of Classification.- J. Projections for the Future.- References.- 6 Hydrophilic Colloids in Colonic Motility.- A. Introduction.- B. The Nature of Stool Bulk and How it is Provided.- I. Water.- II. Bacteria.- III. Fibre.- IV. Gas.- V. Bulking Agents.- C. Actions of Fibre and of Operations on the Colon Muscle in Diverticular Disease.- I. Changes Induced by Operation.- II. Changes Induced by Cereal Fibre.- III. Other Agents.- D. Actions in Other Colonic Diseases.- E. Clinical Application of Fibre and Hydrophilic Colloid Additives.- References.- 7 Motility and Pressure Studies in Clinical Practice.- A. The Esophagus.- I. Motor Activity.- 1. Upper Esophageal Sphincter.- 2. Esophageal Body.- 3. Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- II. Use of Esophageal Manometry in Clinical Practice.- B. The Stomach.- I. Motor Activity.- 1. Gastric Filling.- 2. Mixing and Grinding of Solid Contents.- 3. Gastric Emptying.- II. Gastric Manometry and Studies of Gastric Emptying in Clinical Practice.- C. The Small Intestine.- I. Motor Activity.- II. Manometry of the Small Intestine in Clinical Practice.- D. The Large Bowel.- I. Motor Activity.- 1. Ileocecal Sphincter.- 2. Colon.- 3. Rectoanal Region.- 4. Transit of Large Bowel Contents.- II. Large Bowel Manometry and Transit Time in Clinical Practice.- E. Conclusions.- References.