Nonsurgical Biliary Drainage

I. Obstruction of the Bile Ducts: Pathology and Surgery.- 1. Pathology.- 2. Indications for Surgery in Benign and Malignant Bile Duct Obstruction.- 3. Assessment of Resectability.- II. The Percutaneous Transhepatic Approach.- 4. Techniques of Percutaneous Bile Drainage.- 5. Complications of Percutaneous Bile Drainage.- 6. Results of Percutaneous External Drainage.- 7. Results of Percutaneous Internal-External Drainage.- 8. Results of the Percutaneous Implantation of Endoprostheses.- 9. Local Radiotherapy of Biliary Malignancies.- 10. Preoperative Biliary Drainage: A Controlled Trial.- 11. Percutaneous Bile Drainage: Discussion, Summary.- III. The Transpapillary Approach.- 12. Techniques of Endoscopic Bile Drainag.- 13. Results of Bilionasal Drainage.- 14. Chemical Treatment of Choledocholithiasis.- 15. Endoscopic Implantation of Bilioduodenal Endoprotheses in Benign Bile Duct Stenoses.- 16. Results of Endoscopic Bilioduodenal Drainage in Malignant Bile Duct Stenoses.- 17. Balloon Dilatation of Bile Duct Strictures.- 18. Endoscopic Bile Drainage.- IV. Disturbances after Biliary Drainage.- 19. Infective Complications.- 20. The Bile-Loss Syndrome: A Doubtful Entity.