1 Fundamental concepts and fatigue processes.- 1.1 Fatigue stresses.- 1.2 Wöhler fatigue diagrams.- 1.3 The low-cycle range.- 1.3.1 General testing methods. Fundamental formulae.- 1.3.2 The influence of various factors and testing conditions. Hardening and softening hypotheses.- 1.4 The stages in fatigue processes.- References.- 2 Fatigue phenomena.- 2.1 Introductory remarks.- 2.2 Slip bands.- 2.2.1 Slip bands in the region above the fatigue limit.- 2.2.2 Slip bands in the range below the fatigue limit.- 2.3 Extrusions and intrusions.- 2.3.1 Extrusions and intrusions in polycrystalline iron and copper.- 2.3.2 Models and hypotheses of extrusion and intrusion formation.- 2.4 Fatigue cracks.- 2.4.1 Crack sources and propagation.- 2.4.2 Microcracks in polycrystalline iron.- 2.5 Supplementary methods of studying fatigue phenomena.- 2.5.1 Fatigue phenomena and changes in physical properties.- 2.5.2 Ionic bombardment (etching) method.- 2.5.3 The thermal etching method.- 2.5.4 Fatigue phenomena and surface microroughness.- 2.6 A survey of studies on fatigue changes in different metals.- 2.6.1 Face-centered cubic metals and alloys.- 2.6.2 Body-centered cubic metals and alloys.- 2.6.3 Hexagonal close-packed metals.- 2.6.4 Microcracks initiation in electroplated steel samples.- 2.7 Theories of fatigue.- 2.7.1 General remarks and early theories.- 2.7.2 Dislocation theories and crack initiation models.- 2.7.3 Statistical theories.- 2.7.4 Energy theories.- References.- 3 Fatigue dislocation structures.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The dislocation structure in face-centered cubic metals and alloys.- 3.2.1 Copper and its alloys.- 3.2.2 Aluminium and aluminium alloys.- 3.2.3 Austenitic steels.- 3.2.4 Other metals and alloys.- 3.3 The dislocation structure in body-centered cubic metals and alloys.- 3.3.1 Iron and iron alloys.- 3.3.2 Non-ferrous metals and alloys.- 3.4 The dislocation structure in hexagonal close-packed metals and alloys.- 3.5 An attempt at a synthesis.- References.- 4 Fatigue crack growth.- 4.1 General remarks.- 4.2 Description of crack growth.- 4.3 Fundamental relations for determining the fatigue crack growth rate.- 4.4 The influence of loading conditions on fatigue crack propagation rates. Sundry problems (Examples).- 4.5 Non-propagating fatigue cracks.- References.- 5 Fatigue fractures.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Classification of fractures and their characteristic features.- 5.2.1 General classification of fractures.- 5.2.2 The fundamental types of fracture.- 5.3 The macrostructure of fatigue fractures.- 5.3.1 Specific features of fracture surfaces.- 5.3.2 The macrostructure of fractures and the loading mode (Examples).- 5.4 The microstructure of fatigue fractures.- 5.4.1 General remarks.- 5.4.2 Fatigue striations.- 5.4.3 Tire tracks.- 5.4.4 Examples of fracture microstructure and their interpretations.- 5.4.5 Concluding remarks.- References.
