1. Diagnostics—Where We Were, Where We Are, and Where We are Going: An Introduction.- Immunoassay Principle.- Application of Diagnostics.- Agriculture and Environmental Diagnostics.- Biosensors.- Nucleic-Acid-Based Diagnostics.- Automation in Diagnostics and Review.- Acknowledgments.- I. Principles and Methods.- 2. Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassays: EMIT®.- Historical and Mechanistic Perspective.- Uses of EMIT® Assays.- Future Prospects.- 3. CEDIA®: A Recombinant-Based Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay.- Genetic Engineering of ?-Galactosidase.- CEDIA® Assay Principle.- CEDIA® Hormone Assays.- CEDIA® Vitamin Assays.- CEDIA® TDM Assays.- CEDIA® High-Molecular-Weight Assays.- Nonimmunoassay Uses of CEDIA®: Summary.- 4. Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology.- Homogeneous Fluoroimmunoassays.- Principle of Fluorescent Polarization.- Application of Fluorescence Polarization for Immunoassay.- Advantages and Limitations of Fluorescent Polarization.- Immunoassay 47 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Using FPIA 47 Toxicology Screening with FPIA 49 Concluding Remarks.- 5. Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassays.- Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassays.- Acknowledgments.- 6. Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay and Its Use in Diagnostics.- Chemiluminescence Reaction.- Chemiluminescent Assays of Cofactors.- Chemiluminescent Assay of Enzymes.- Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- 7. Enzyme Immunoassay System Enhanced by Bioluminescence.- Classification of Bioluminescence Enzyme Immunoassays.- Light-Measuring Equipment.- Bioluminescence Enzyme Immunoassays.- Concluding Remarks.- 8. Spin Immunoassay and Its Use in Diagnostics.- Principle of SIA.- Preparation of Spin Labels and Antibodies.- General Experimental Procedures.- Development of SIA.- Problems in SIA.- 9. Nephelometric Immunoassay for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.- Analytic Methods for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.- Principle of Nephelometric Immunoassay of Drugs: Precipitation Inhibition by a Hapten.- Reagents.- Procedure.- Variations of Nephelometric Immunoassay of Drugs.- II. Applications of Diagnostics.- 10. Instrument-Free Quantitative Test Systems.- Introduction: A Historical Perspective.- Instrument-Free Quantitation.- Summary.- 11. The Eclipse ICA®: An Immunochemical and Clinical Chemistry Assay System for Near-Patient Testing.- Instrument Concept.- Immunoassay/Chemistry Test Procedure.- Assay Protocol and Performance.- Conclusion.- 12. Immunoassays for Tropical Diseases.- Amebiasis.- Typhoid.- Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis.- Leprosy.- Tuberculosis.- Hepatitis.- Concluding Comments.- 13. Connective Tissue Diseases Diagnostic Approach.- Background on Connective Tissue.- Bone.- Osteoporosis.- New Approaches for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Osteoporosis.- 14. Diagnostics of Trace Elements and Their Role in Senile Cataract in Humans.- Trace Elements, Cataract, and the Lens.- Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium.- Copper.- Zinc.- Calcium and Magnesium.- Cadmium and Lead.- Iron.- Cobalt.- Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Antimony, and Selenium.- Summary and Future Recommendations for Research.- III. Agriculture and Environmental Diagnostics.- 15. Agriculture, Veterinary, and Environmental Diagnostics.- Agriculture Diagnostics.- Veterinary Diagnostics.- Environmental Diagnostics.- Future Trends.- 16. Diagnostics in Agriculture.- Food Diagnostics.- Conclusion.- 17. Immunoassays for Pesticides, Aflatoxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Plant Pathogens.- Immunoassays for Pesticides.- Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds.- Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins.- Immunodiagnostics for Plant Diseases.- 18. Immunodetection of Fungi and Their Products.- Preparation of Fungal Antigens.- The Nature of Fungal Antigen Preparations.- Immunologic Methods.- Zoopathogenic Fungi: Coccidioides immitis.- Plant-Associated and Phytopathogenic Fungi.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- IV. Biosensors.- 19. Biosensor Principles and Applications.- Definitions.- Sensor Fundamentals.- Biosensor Applications.- Future Trends and Challenges.- 20. Immunosensors: Their Future Role in Clinical Diagnostics.- Manual Systems.- Automation Concepts.- Discussion.- Acknowledgments.- V. Nucleic Acids-Based Diagnostics and Their Application.- 21. DNA Probe-Based Diagnostics.- Overview.- Applications.- Formats.- Conclusion.- 22. Polymerase Chain Reaction and Its Use in Diagnostics.- DNA-Based Amplification.- RNA-Based Amplification.- PCR Applications.- Detection of PCR Products.- Conclusions.- 23. AIDS Diagnostics.- Diagnostic Immunoassays.- HIV Detection by Nucleic Acid Amplification.- Conclusions.- VI. Automation in Diagnostics.- 24. Robotics and Automation in Diagnostics.- Machines in the Lab: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.- History.- State of the Art in Laboratory Robotics.- Trends.- Automation for Tomorrow.- VII. Review of Diagnostics and Future Directions.- 25. Diagnostics: Immunoassays, Nucleic Acid Probes, and Biosensors—Two Decades of Development, Current Status, and Future Projections in Clinical, Environmental, and Agricultural Applications.- Classification of Immunoassays.- Heterogeneous Enzyme Immunoassays.- Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassays.- Nonenzymatic, Nonamplified Homogeneous Immunoassays.- Particle-Labeled Immunoassays.- Enzyme Membrane Immunoassays.- Labels for Immunoassay Systems.- Luminoimmunoassays.- Multianalyte and Ultrasensitive Immunoassays.- Immunosensors.- DNA Probe Technology.- Flow Cytometry.- Hybrid Analytic Systems.- Conclusion.
