Introduction: Hierarchical Linear Modeling and Multilevel Modeling in Educational Research.- Theoretical Foundations and Conceptual Frameworks: A Primer for Using Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models in Educational Research.- Multilevel Model Selection: Balancing Model Fit and Adequacy.- Concepts and Applications of Multivariate Multilevel (MVML) Analysis and Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling (MLSEM).- Data Visualization for Pattern Seeking in Multilevel Modeling.- Doubly Latent Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling: An Overview of Main Concepts and Empirical Illustration.- Doubly Latent Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling: An Overview of Main Concepts and Empirical Illustration: Analyzing Large-scale Assessment Data with Multilevel Analyses: Demonstration using the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Data.- Multilevel Modeling of International Large-scale Assessment Data.- Transparency and Replicability of Multilevel Modeling Applications: A Guideline for Improved Reporting Practices.- Multilevel Modelling with International Large-scale Student Assessments.- Multilevel Analysis of PISA and TIMSS Data: Changing trends in the role of South African math teachers’ qualification for student achievement: Findings from TIMSS 2003, 2011, 2015.- Revisiting the Relationship Between Science Teaching Practice and Scientific Literacy: Multi-Level Analysis Using PISA.- Family Meals and Academic Performance: A Multilevel Analysis of PISA for Spain.- Multilevel Modeling of Nordic Students’ Mathematics Achievements in TIMSS 2019.- Teachers' Perceptions of School Ethical Culture: The Implicit Meaning of TIMSS.- Multilevel Modeling in Educational Research: Why they want to leave? A three-level Hierarchical Linear Modeling Analysis of Teacher Turnover Intention.- Daycare Centers’ Composition and Non-native Children’s Language Skills at SchoolEntry: Exploring the Nature of Context Effects Using Multilevel Modeling.- Gender effect at the beginning of Higher education careers in STEM Studies: Does female recover better than male?.- Service satisfaction and service quality: A longitudinal and multilevel study of user satisfaction with kindergartens in Norway.- Multilevel Modeling and Assessment of the Study-relevant Knowledge of First-year Students in a Master's Program in Business and Economics.- Index.