Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement of Materials in Energy Technologies

<p>Contributor contact details</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Part I: The hydrogen embrittlement problem</p> <p>Chapter 1: Hydrogen production and containment</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>1.1 Introduction</p> <p>1.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) stationary vessels in hydrogen service</p> <p>1.3 Department of Transportation (DOT) steel transport vessels</p> <p>1.4 Fracture mechanics method for steel hydrogen vessel design</p> <p>1.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) stationary composite vessels</p> <p>1.6 Composite transport vessels</p> <p>1.7 Hydrogen pipelines</p> <p>1.8 Gaseous hydrogen leakage</p> <p>1.9 Joint design and selection</p> <p>1.10 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code leak and pressure testing</p> <p>Chapter 2: Hydrogen-induced disbonding and embrittlement of steels used in petrochemical refining</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>2.1 Introduction</p> <p>2.2 Petrochemical refining</p> <p>2.3 Problems during/after cooling of reactors</p> <p>2.4 Effect of hydrogen content on mechanical properties</p> <p>2.5 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 3: Assessing hydrogen embrittlement in automotive hydrogen tanks</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>3.1 Introduction</p> <p>3.2 Experimental details</p> <p>3.3 Results and discussion</p> <p>3.4 Conclusions and future trends</p> <p>Chapter 4: Gaseous hydrogen issues in nuclear waste disposal</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>4.1 Introduction</p> <p>4.2 Nature of nuclear wastes and their disposal environments</p> <p>4.3 Gaseous hydrogen issues in the disposal of high activity wastes</p> <p>Chapter 5: Hydrogen embrittlement in nuclear power systems</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>5.1 Introduction</p> <p>5.2 Experimental methods</p> <p>5.3 Environmental factors</p> <p>5.4 Metallurgical effects</p> <p>5.5 Conclusions</p> <p>5.6 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 6: Standards and codes to control hydrogen-induced cracking in pressure vessels and pipes for hydrogen gas storage and transport</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>6.1 Introduction</p> <p>6.2 Basic code selected for pressure vessels</p> <p>6.3 Code for piping and pipelines</p> <p>6.4 Additional code requirements for high pressure hydrogen applications</p> <p>6.5 Methods for calculating the design cyclic (fatigue) life</p> <p>6.6 Example of crack growth in a high pressure hydrogen environment</p> <p>6.7 Summary and conclusions</p> <p>Part II: Characterisation and analysis of hydrogen embrittlement</p> <p>Chapter 7: Fracture and fatigue test methods in hydrogen gas</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>7.1 Introduction</p> <p>7.2 General considerations for conducting tests in external hydrogen</p> <p>7.3 Test methods</p> <p>7.4 Conclusions</p> <p>7.5 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 8: Mechanics of modern test methods and quantitative-accelerated testing for hydrogen embrittlement</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>8.1 Introduction</p> <p>8.2 General aspects of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) testing</p> <p>8.3 Smooth specimens</p> <p>8.4 Pre-cracked specimens – the fracture mechanics (FM) approach to stress corrosion cracking (SCC)</p> <p>8.5 Limitations of the linear elastic fracture mechanics (FM) approach</p> <p>8.6 Future trends</p> <p>8.7 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 9: Metallographic and fractographic techniques for characterising and understanding hydrogen-assisted cracking of metals</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>9.1 Introduction</p> <p>9.2 Characterisation of microstructures and hydrogen distributions</p> <p>9.3 Crack paths with respect to microstructure</p> <p>9.4 Characterising fracture-surface appearance (and interpretation of features)</p> <p>9.5 Determining fracture-surface crystallography</p> <p>9.6 Characterising slip-distributions and strains around cracks</p> <p>9.7 Determining the effects of solute hydrogen on dislocation activity</p> <p>9.8 Determining the effects of adsorbed hydrogen on surfaces</p> <p>9.9 In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of fracture in thin foils and other TEM studies</p> <p>9.10 ‘Critical’ experiments for determining mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC</p> <p>9.11 Proposed mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC)</p> <p>9.12 Conclusions</p> <p>9.13 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 10: Fatigue crack initiation and fatigue life of metals exposed to hydrogen</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>10.1 Introduction</p> <p>10.2 Effect of hydrogen on total-life fatigue testing and fatigue crack growth (FCG) threshold stress intensity range</p> <p>10.3 Mechanisms of fatigue crack initiation (FCI)</p> <p>10.4 Conclusions</p> <p>10.5 Future trends in total-life design of structural components</p> <p>Chapter 11: Effects of hydrogen on fatigue-crack propagation in steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>11.1 Introduction</p> <p>11.2 Materials and experimental methods</p> <p>11.3 Effect of hydrogen on the fatigue behavior of martensitic SCM435 Cr–Mo steel</p> <p>11.4 Effect of hydrogen on fatigue-crack growth behavior in austenitic stainless steels</p> <p>11.5 Effects of hydrogen on fatigue behavior in lower-strength bainitic/ferritic/martensitic steels</p> <p>11.6 Summary and conclusions</p> <p>11.7 Acknowledgement</p> <p>11.9 Appendix</p> <p>Part III: The hydrogen embrittlement of alloy classes</p> <p>Chapter 12: Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>12.1 Introduction</p> <p>12.2 Microstructures of martensitic high strength steels</p> <p>12.3 Effects of hydrogen on crack growth</p> <p>12.4 Discussion of microstructural effects</p> <p>12.5 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 13: Hydrogen trapping phenomena in martensitic steels</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>13.1 Introduction</p> <p>13.2 Hydrogen in the normal lattice of pure iron</p> <p>13.3 Theoretical treatments for diffusion in a lattice containing trap sites</p> <p>13.4 Experimental and simulation techniques for measurement of trapping parameters</p> <p>13.5 Hydrogen trapping at lattice defects in martensitic steels</p> <p>13.6 Design of nano-sized alloy carbides as beneficial trap sites to enhance resistance to hydrogen embrittlement</p> <p>13.7 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 14: Hydrogen embrittlement of carbon steels and their welds</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>14.1 Introduction</p> <p>14.2 Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in carbon steels</p> <p>14.3 Mechanical properties of carbon steels and their welds in high pressure hydrogen</p> <p>14.4 Important factors in hydrogen gas embrittlement</p> <p>14.5 Hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms in low strength carbon steels</p> <p>14.6 Future research needs</p> <p>14.7 Conclusions</p> <p>14.8 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 15: Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels and their welds</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>15.1 Introduction</p> <p>15.2 The family of high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels</p> <p>15.3 The welding of high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels</p> <p>15.4 Mechanical effect of hydrogen on high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels</p> <p>15.5 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 16: Hydrogen embrittlement of stainless steels and their welds</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>16.1 Introduction</p> <p>16.2 Fundamentals of austenitic stainless steels</p> <p>16.3 Hydrogen transport</p> <p>16.4 Environment test methods</p> <p>16.5 Models and mechanisms</p> <p>16.6 Observations of hydrogen-assisted fracture</p> <p>16.7 Trends in hydrogen-assisted fracture</p> <p>16.8 Conclusions and future trends</p> <p>16.9 Acknowledgments</p> <p>Chapter 17: Hydrogen embrittlement of nickel, cobalt and iron-based superalloys</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>17.1 Introduction</p> <p>17.2 Hydrogen transport properties in superalloys</p> <p>17.3 Hydrogen gas effects on mechanical properties of superalloys</p> <p>17.4 Important factors in hydrogen embrittlement</p> <p>17.5 Future trends</p> <p>17.6 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 18: Hydrogen effects in titanium alloys</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>18.1 Introduction</p> <p>18.2 Terminology, classification and properties of titanium alloys</p> <p>18.3 Hydrogen embrittlement behavior in different classes of titanium alloys</p> <p>18.4 Hydrogen trapping in titanium alloys</p> <p>18.5 Positive effects in titanium alloys</p> <p>18.6 Summary and conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 19: Hydrogen embrittlement of aluminum and aluminum-based alloys</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>19.1 Introduction: scope and objective</p> <p>19.2 Hydrogen interactions in Al alloy systems (experiment and modeling)</p> <p>19.3 Gaseous hydrogen and hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) in Al-based alloys</p> <p>19.4 Mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking in Al-based systems</p> <p>19.5 Improvement of the hydrogen resistant Al-base alloys based on metallurgical, surface engineering or environmental chemistry modifications</p> <p>19.6 Needs, gaps and opportunities in Al-based systems</p> <p>19.7 Future trends</p> <p>19.8 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 20: Hydrogen-induced degradation of rubber seals</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>20.1 Introduction</p> <p>20.2 Example of cracking of a rubber O-ring used in a high pressure hydrogen storage vessel</p> <p>20.3 Effect of filler on blister damage to rubber sealing materials in high pressure hydrogen gas</p> <p>20.4 Influence of gaseous hydrogen on the degradation of a rubber sealing material</p> <p>20.5 Testing of the durability of a rubber O-ring by using a high pressure hydrogen durability tester</p> <p>20.6 Additional work required and future plans</p> <p>20.7 Conclusions</p> <p>20.8 Acknowledgement</p> <p>Index</p>