<p style="MARGIN: 0px">Part 1: Introduction</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> Preface</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 1 Introduction</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.1 Philosophy</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.3 Who Should Study Mechatronics? </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.3 How to Use this Book</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.4 Summary</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Part 2: Software</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 2 What’s a Micro?</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.1 Introduction</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.2 What IS a “Micro”?</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.3 Microprocessors, Microcontrollers, Digital Signal Processors (DSP’s) and More</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.4 Microcontroller Architecture</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.5 The Central Processing Unit (CPU)</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.5.1 Representing Numbers in the Digital Domain</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.5.2 The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.6 The Data Bus and the Address Bus</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.7 Memory</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.8 Subsystems and Peripherals</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.9 Von Neumann Architecture</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.10 The Harvard Architecture</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.11 Real World Examples</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.11.1 The Freescale MC9S12C32 Microcontroller</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.11.2 The Microchip PIC12F609 Microcontroller</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.12 Where to Find More Information</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.13 Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 3 Microcontroller Math and Number Manipulation</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.1 Introduction</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.2 Number Bases and Counting</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.3 Representing Negative Numbers</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.4 Data Types</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.5 Sizes of Common Data Types</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.6 Arithmetic on Fixed Size Variables</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.7 Modulo Arithmetic</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.8 Math Shortcuts</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.8 Boolean Algebra</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.9 Manipulating Individual Bits</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.10 Testing Individual Bits</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.11 Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 4: Programming Languages</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.1 Introduction</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.2 Machine Language</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.3 Assembly Language</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.4 High-Level Languages</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.5 Interpreters</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.6 Compilers</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.7 Hybrid Compiler/Interpreters</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.8 Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.9 Choosing a Programming Language</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.10 Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 5: Program Structures for Embedded Systems</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.1 Background</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.2 Event Driven Programming</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.3 Event Checkers</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.4 Services</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.5 Building an Event Driven Program</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.6 An Example</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.7 Summary of Event Driven Programming</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.8 State Machines</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.9 A State Machine in Software</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.10 The Cockroach Example as a State Machine</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.11 Summary</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 6 Software Design</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.1 Introduction</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.2 Building as a Metaphor for Creating Software</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.3 Introducing Some Software Design Techniques</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.3.1 Decomposition</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.3.2 Abstraction and Information Hiding</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.3.3 Pseudo-Code</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4 Software Design Process</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.1 Generating Requirements</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.2 Defining the Program Architecture</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.3 The Performance Specification</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.4 The Interface Specification</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.5 Detail Design</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.6 Implementation</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.6.1 Intra-Module Organization</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.6.2 Writing the Code</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.7 Unit Testing</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.4.8 Integration</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5 The Sample Problem</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.1 Requirements for the Morse Code Receiver</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.2 The Morse Code Receiver System Architecture</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.3 The Morse Code Receiver Software Architecture</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.4 The Morse Code Receiver Performance Specifications</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.5 The Morse Code Receiver Interface Specification</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.5.1 The Button Module Interface Specification</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.5.2 The Morse Elements Module Interface Specification</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.5.3 The Morse Decode Module Interface Specification</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.5.4 The LCD Display Module Interface Specification</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.6 The Morse Code Receiver Detail Design</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.6.1 Button Module Detail Design</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.6.2 Morse Elements Detail Design</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.6.3 Morse Decode Detail Design</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.6.4 Display Detail Design</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.6.5 Main Detail Design</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.7 The Morse Code Receiver Implementation</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.8 The Morse Code Receiver Unit Testing. 6-28</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.5.9 The Morse Code Receiver Integration</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.6 Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 7 Communications</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.1: Introduction</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.2: Without a Medium, there is no Message</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.3: Bit-Parallel and Bit-Serial Communications</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.3.1: Bit-Serial Communications</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.3.1.1: Synchronous Serial Communications</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.3.1.2: Asynchronous Serial Communications</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.3.2: Bit Parallel Communications</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.4: Signaling Levels</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.4.1: TTL/CMOS Levels</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.4.2: RS-232</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.4.3: RS-485 </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.5: Communicating Over Limited Bandwidth Channels</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.5.1: Telephones and Modems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.5.1.1: Modulation Techniques</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.5.1.2: Amplitude Modulation (AM)</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.5.1.3: Frequency Modulation (FM)</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.5.1.4: Phase Modulation (PM)</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.5.1.5: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.6: Communicating with Light</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.7: Communicating over a Radio</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.7.1: RF Remote Controls</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.7.2: RF Data Links</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.7.3: RF Networks</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.8: Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 8 : Microcontroller Peripherals</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.1 : Accessing the Control Registers</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.2 : The Parallel Input/Output Subsystem</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.2.1 : The Data Direction Register</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.2.2 : The Input/Output Register(s)</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.2.3 : Shared Function Pins</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.3 : Timer Subsystems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.3.1 : Timer Basics</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.3.2 : Timer Overflow</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.3.3 : Output Compare</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.3.4 : Input Capture</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.3.5 : Combining Input Capture and Output Compare to Control an Engine</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.4 : Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.5 : PWM Using the Output Compare System</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.6 : The Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter Subsystem</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.6.1 : The Process for Converting an Analog Input to a Digital Value</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.6.2 : The A/D Converter Clock</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.6.3 : Multiplexer Switching Transients and DC Effects</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.6.4 : Automating the A/D Conversion Process</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.7 : Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Part 3: Electronics</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 9 Basic Circuit Analysis and Passive Components</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.1 Voltage, Current and Power</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.2 Circuits and Ground</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.3 Laying Down the Laws</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.4 Resistance</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.4.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.4.2 The Voltage Divider</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.5 Thevenin Equivalents</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.6 Capacitors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.6.1 Capacitors in Series and Parallel</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.6.2 Capacitors and Time-Varying Signals</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.7 Inductors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.7.1 Inductors and Time-Varying Signals</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.8 The Time and Frequency Domains</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.9 Circuit Analysis with Multiple Component Types</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.9.1 Basic RC Circuit Configurations</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.9.2 Low-Pass RC Filter Behavior in the Time Domain</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.9.3 High-Pass RC Filter Behavior in the Time Domain</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.9.4 RL Circuit Behavior in the Time Domain</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.9.5 Low-Pass RC Filter Behavior in the Frequency Domain</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.9.6 High-Pass RC Filter Behavior in the Frequency Domain</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.9.7 High-Pass RC Filter with a DC Bias</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.10 Simulation Tools</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.10.1 Limitations of Simulation Tools</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.11 Real Voltage Sources</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.12 Real Measurements</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.12.1 Measuring Voltage</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.12.2 Measuring Current</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.13 Real Resistors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.13.1 A Model for a Real Resistor</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.13.2 Resistor Construction Basics</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.13.3 Carbon Film Resistors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.13.4 Metal Film Resistors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.13.5 Power Dissipation in Resistors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.13.6 Potentiometers</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.13.7 Multi-Resistor Packages</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.13.8 Choosing Resistors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14 Real Capacitors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.1 A Model for a Real Capacitor</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.2 Capacitor Construction Basics</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.3 Polar vs. Non-Polar Capacitors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.4 Ceramic Disk Capacitors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.5 Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.6 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.7 Tantalum Capacitors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.8 Film Capacitors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.9 Electric Double Layer Capacitors / Super capacitors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.10 Capacitor Labeling</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.10.1 Ceramic Capacitor (Disc and MLC) Labeling</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.10.2 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Labeling</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.10.3 Tantalum Capacitor Labeling</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.10.4 Film Capacitor Labeling</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.14.11 Choosing a Capacitor</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.15 Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 10 Semiconductors</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.1 Doping, Holes and Electrons</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2 Diodes</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2.1 The VI Characteristic for Diodes</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2.2 The Magnitude of V<sub>f</sub></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2.3 Reverse Recovery</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2.4 Schottky Diodes</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2.5 Zener Diodes</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2.6 Light Emitting Diodes</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2.7 Photo-Diodes</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.3 Bipolar Junction Transistors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.3.1 The Darlington Pair</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.3.2 The Photo-Transistor</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.4 MOSFETs</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.5 hoosing Between BJTs and MOSFETs</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.5.1 When Will a BJT be the Best (or Only) Choice?</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.5.2 When Will a MOSFET be the Best (or Only) Choice?</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.5.3 How Do You Choose When Either a MOSFET or a BJT Could Work?</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.6 Multi-Transistor Circuits</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.7 Reading Transistor Data Sheets</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.7.1 Reading a BJT Data Sheet</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.7.2 Reading a MOSFET Data Sheet</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.7.3 A Sample Application</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.7.4 A Potpourri of Transistor Circuits</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.8 Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 11 : Operational Amplifiers</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.1 : Operational Amplifier Behavior</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.2 : Negative Feedback</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.3 : The Ideal Op-Amp</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4 : Analyzing Op-Amp Circuits</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.1 : The Golden Rules</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.2 : The Non-Inverting Op-Amp Configuration</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.3 : The Inverting Op-Amp Configuration</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.3.1 : The Virtual Ground</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.3.2 : There is Nothing Magic About Ground</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.4 : The Unity Gain Buffer</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.5 : The Difference Amplifier Configuration</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.6 : The Summer Configuration</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.7 : The Trans-Resistive Configuration</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4.8 : Computation with Op-Amps</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.5 : The Comparator</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.5.1 : Comparator Circuits</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.6 : Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 12 : Real Operational Amplifiers and Comparators</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1 : Real Op-Amp Characteristics — How the Ideal Assumptions Fail</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.1 : Non-Infinite Gain</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.2 : Variation in Open Loop Gain with Frequency</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.3 : Input Current is Not Zero</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.3.1 : Input Bias Current and Input Offset Current</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.3.2 : Input Impedance</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.4 : The Output Voltage Source is Not Ideal</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.5 : Other Non-Idealities</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.5.1 : Input Offset Voltage</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.5.2 : Power Supplies</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.5.3 : Input Common Mode Voltage Range</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.5.5 : Input Common Mode Rejection Ratio</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1.5.6 : Temperature Effects</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.2 : Reading an Op-Amp Data Sheet</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.2.1 : Maxima, Minima and Typical Values</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.2.2 : The Front Page</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.2.3 : The Absolute Maximum Ratings Section</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.2.4 : The Electrical Characteristics Section</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.2.5 : The Packaging Section</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.2.6 : The Typical Applications Section</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.3 : Reading a Comparator Data Sheet</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.3.1 : Comparator Packaging</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.4 : Comparing Op-Amps</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.5 : Homework Problems</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"> </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"><strong>Chapter 13 Sensors</strong></p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.1 Introduction</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.2 Sensor Output & Microcontroller Inputs</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.3 Sensor Design</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.3.1 Measuring Temperature with a Thermistor</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.3.2 Measuring Acceleration</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.3.3 Definitions of Sensor Performance Characteristics</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4 Fundamental Sensors and Interface Circuits</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.1 Switches as Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.2 Interfacing to Switches</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.3 Resistive Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.4 Interfacing to Resistive Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.4.1 Using a Resistive Sensor in a Voltage Divider</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.4.2 Measuring Resistance Using a Current Source</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.4.3 The Constant Current Circuit</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.4.4 The Wheatstone Bridge</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.5 Capacitive Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.6 Interfacing to Capacitive Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.6.1 Measuring Capacitance with a Step Input</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.6.2 Measuring Capacitance with an Oscillator</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.4.6.3 Measuring Capacitance with a Wheatstone Bridge</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5 A Survey of Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.1 Light Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.1.1 Photodiodes</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.1.2 Phototransistors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.1.3 Emitter-Detector Pair Modules</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.1.4 Photocells</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.2 Strain Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.2.1 Metal Foil Strain Gages</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.2.2 Piezoresistive Strain Gages</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.2.3 Load Cells</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.3 Temperature Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.3.1 Thermocouples</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.3.2 Thermistors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.4 Magnetic Field Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.4.1 Hall Effect Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.4.3 Reed Switches</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.5 Proximity Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.5.1 Capacitive Proximity Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.5.2 Inductive Proximity Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.5.3 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.6 Position Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.6.1 Potentiometers</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.6.2 Optical Encoders</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.6.3 Inductive Pickups / Gear Tooth Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.6.4 Reflective Infrared Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.6.5 Capacitive Displacement Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.6.6 Ultrasonic Displacement Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.6.7 Flex Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">13.5.7 Acceleration Sensors</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px"></p>