Parent-Child Relations

<p><strong>BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS </strong></p> <p>Chapter 1: Historical and Theoretical Influences of Childrearing</p> <p>Chapter 2: Parenting Patterns and the Impact of Culture and Context</p> <p>Chapter 3: Parents and Children in Varied Family Structures</p> <p>Chapter 4: Child Socialization Strategies and Techniques</p> <p>Chapter 5: Becoming Parents and Parenting Infants and Toddlers</p> <p>Chapter 6: Parent—Preschooler Interactions</p> <p>Chapter 7: Parents and Their School-Age Children</p> <p>Chapter 8: Parent—Adolescent Interactions</p> <p>Chapter 9: The Relationships of Young Adults, Their Parents, and Their Children</p> <p>Chapter 10: Middle Age and Older Parenthood and Grandparenthood</p> <p>Chapter 11: Parenting Children with Special Needs</p> <p>Chapter 12: Families at Risk and Families Coping with the Death of a Family Member</p> <p><strong>DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS </strong></p> <p>Chapter 1: Historical and Theoretical Influences of Childrearing 1</p> <p>Autocratic Parenting: A Tradition of Harsh, Strict Childrearing 2</p> <p> The Hobbesian View: The Willful Child • Puritan Beliefs: The Sinful Child • The Questioning of Autocratic Parenting • The Legacy of G. Stanley Hall: The Child Study Movement • Watson: The Dangers of Parental Affection</p> <p>Conflicting Theories About Children’s Behavior and Motivations 6</p> <p> Theories that Emphasized Parental Understanding of Children • Sigmund Freud: A Focus on Children’s Natural Instincts • Attachment Theory: A Focus on Parental Responsiveness • Benjamin Spock: Limits Within the Context of Warmth and Affection • B. F. Skinner: Reinforcement as a Consequence of Appropriate Behavior • The Social Learning Theorists: Imitation and Modeling • Erikson: The Resolution of Psychological Crises • Respecting and Attending to Children’s Enthusiasm for Learning • Maria Montessori: Children Have Absorbent Minds • Caroline Pratt: Children’s Play Is Their Work • Jean Piaget: Children Actively Engage Their Environments • Lev Vygotsky: Parents as Partners in Children’s Learning</p> <p>The Role of Context in Child Socialization 16</p> <p> Rudolf Dreikurs’s Social Discipline Theory: Democracy in the Family • Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model • Parental Ethnotheories: Cultural Ideas Parents Have Regarding Children, Families, and Themselves as Parents • Family Systems Theory • Family Development Theory • The Systemic Family Development Model • The Double ABCX Model of Family Stress and Adaptation</p> <p>The Importance of the Parental Role 21</p> <p> Galinsky’s Six Stages of Parenthood • Mothers, Fathers, and Others in the Parenting Role</p> <p>The Interface Between Parents and the Community 25</p> <p>Parents, Children, and Technology in the 21st Century 26</p> <p>Summary 26</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 27</p> <p>Useful Websites 28</p> <p>Key Terms 28</p> <p>Chapter 2: Parenting Patterns and the Impact of Culture and Context 29</p> <p>Child Socialization Patterns of American Parents 30</p> <p> Authoritative Parents • Authoritarian Parents • Permissive Parents • Indulgent Parents • Indifferent Parents • Overprotective Parents • Parents with Inconsistent Child Socialization Patterns</p> <p>Cultural Variations in Parenting Patterns 46</p> <p> Child Socialization in Non-Western Societies • The Traditional Parenting Pattern in the United States</p> <p>Other Contextual Influences on Parenting Patterns 53</p> <p> The Effects of Socioeconomic Status • The Influence of Religiosity • The Influence of Families of Origin • The Effects of Children’s Characteristics • Parenting Styles and Children’s Use of Technology</p> <p>Summary 60</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 61</p> <p>Useful Websites 61</p> <p>Key Terms 62</p> <p>Chapter 3: Parents and Children in Varied Family Structures 63</p> <p>Families and Adoption 65</p> <p> Birth Parents and Adoptive Parents • Domestic Transracial and International Transracial Adoptions</p> <p>Surrogate Parents: Foster Parents and Grandparents 70</p> <p> Foster Parents and Foster Children • Grandfamilies: Grandparents Rearing Their Grandchildren</p> <p>Parents and Children Affected by Divorce 76</p> <p> The Effects of Custody Arrangements • Factors Related to the Postdivorce Adjustment of Children • Parents and Children in Stepfamilies</p> <p>Adolescent Parents and Their Children 83</p> <p> Pregnancy and Childbirth • Teenage Fatherhood • The Children of Adolescent Parents • Support for Adolescent Parents and Their Children</p> <p>Families With a Member Who Is Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender 88</p> <p> Changing Views of Family to Include LGBT People • The Pathways to Parenthood for LGBT Parents • Challenges for Gay and Lesbian Parents and Their Children • Children Who Are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender</p> <p>Parents and Children in Immigrant Families 94</p> <p> Acculturation • Language Differences</p> <p>Parents and Children in Military Families 97</p> <p> Domestic and International Relocation • The Effects of Deployment on Family Members</p> <p>Summary 102</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 103</p> <p>Useful Websites 103</p> <p>Key Terms 104</p> <p>Chapter 4: Child Socialization Strategies and Techniques 105</p> <p>Guidance as Prevention of Problems 106</p> <p> Establishing an Atmosphere of Psychological Safety • Guidance as Encouragement of Children • Four Pluses and a Wish–A Strategy for Motivating Children’s Compliance • The Concept of Belongingness and Children’s Goals of Misbehavior</p> <p>Effective Parent—Child Communication as a Parenting Strategy 116</p> <p> Problem Ownership • Active Listening • I-Messages</p> <p>Guidance as Reinforcement and Modeling 121</p> <p> Reinforcement of Approved Behavior • Imitation and Modeling</p> <p>Guidance as Limits, Consequences, and Conflict Resolution 124</p> <p> The Technique of Induction • Natural and Logical Consequences • Problems Associated with Using Punishment as a Disciplinary Strategy</p> <p>Resolving Parent—Child Conflict 130</p> <p> The Advantages of Using the No-Lose Method of Conflict Resolution</p> <p>Summary 133</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 134</p> <p>Useful Websites 134</p> <p>Key Terms 135</p> <p>Chapter 5: Becoming Parents and Parenting Infants and Toddlers 136</p> <p>Pathways to Parenthood 137</p> <p> The Decision to Become Parents • Pathways to Parenthood in Contemporary Society • Optimizing the Chances of Having Healthy Babies</p> <p>Birth and the Transition to Parenthood 144</p> <p> When Infants Are Born Early and/or Small • The Transition to Parenthood: A Major Developmental Milestone • Changes in Family and Friendship Networks • Caring for Infants and Toddlers in a Coparenting Relationship • Social Support for Parents of Infants and Toddlers</p> <p>Promoting the Social-Emotional Development of Infants and Toddlers 148</p> <p> Infant Trust and Attachment • Parental Support of Self-Regulatory Behavior • Parent—Infant Play • Parental Influences on Toddlers’ Autonomy and Exploratory Behavior</p> <p>Promoting the Cognitive Development of Infants and Toddlers 156</p> <p> Insights from Piaget • Insights from Vygotsky • Insights from Brain Research • Parents’ Understanding of Infant Perception • Promoting Infant Language Development</p> <p>Promoting the Physical Development of Infants and Toddlers 160</p> <p> Meeting Nutritional Needs • Providing Health Care • The Promotion of Fine and Gross Motor Skills</p> <p>Infant/Toddler Care When Parents Are at Work 164</p> <p> The Quality of Center-Based Care and Home-Based Care • Infants and Toddlers in Child Care Settings</p> <p>Summary 166</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 167</p> <p>Useful Websites 168</p> <p>Key Terms 168</p> <p>Chapter 6: Parent—Preschooler Interactions 169</p> <p>The Parental Role in Promoting Preschoolers’ Social-Emotional Development 170</p> <p> Early Attachment and Parent—Preschooler Relationships • Promoting the Young Child’s Sense of Initiative • Parental Contributions to Preschoolers’ Self-Esteem • Talking to Young Children About Their Emotions • Promoting Preschoolers’ Self-Reliance • Helping Young Children Discover Their Personal Boundaries</p> <p>Promoting Young Children’s Cognitive Development 176</p> <p> Insights from Piaget • Insights from Vygotsky • The Role of Parents in Promoting Language Development</p> <p>Promoting Preschoolers’ Physical Development 183</p> <p> Meeting the Nutritional Needs of Preschoolers • Understanding the Brain Development of Young Children • The Promotion of Fine and Gross Motor Skills</p> <p>The Development of Personal and Family Life Skills 190</p> <p>Child Care for Preschool Children 191</p> <p> Quality Child Care Indicators</p> <p>Challenges and Concerns of Parents of Young Children 192</p> <p> Sleeping Problems • Sibling Relationships • Aggressive Behaviors • Unsupervised Risk-Taking Behaviors</p> <p>Summary 198</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 200</p> <p>Useful Websites 200</p> <p>Key Terms 200</p> <p>Chapter 7: Parents and Their School-Age Children 201</p> <p>Promoting School-Age Children’s Social-Emotional Development 202</p> <p> Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development</p> <p>Parental Influences on Children’s Social Relationships 204</p> <p>The Influence of Childrearing Patterns • The Role of Attachment • The Effect of Context • Parental Structuring of Children’s Leisure Time and Peer Group Relations • The Parents’ Role in Children’s Informal Leisure Activities</p> <p> Promoting School-Age Children’s Cognitive Development 211<br></p> <p>Encouraging Children’s Logical Reasoning • The Use of Guided Participation • The Role of Parents in Children’s School Achievement</p> <p>Promoting the Physical Development of School-Age Children 215</p> <p> Meeting School-Age Children’s Nutritional Needs • Nutrition and the Growing Problem of Children Being Overweight • Promoting Motor Skills</p> <p>The Benefits and Challenges of Media 225</p> <p>The Benefits of Media • The Challenges of Media</p> <p>Summary 227</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 229</p> <p>Useful Websites 229</p> <p>Key Terms 229</p> <p>Chapter 8: Parent—Adolescent Interactions 230</p> <p>The Role of Parents in Adolescents’ Cognitive Development 231</p> <p> The Development of the Ability to Use Abstract Reasoning • The Influence of Parents on Academic Achievement</p> <p>The Role of Parents in Adolescents’ Social-Emotional Development and Social Relationships 234</p> <p> The Role of Parents in Adolescents’ Conceptions of Self</p> <p>Adolescent Puberty and Parent—Child Relations 238</p> <p> Puberty and Adolescent Relationships with Parents</p> <p>Changes in the Family System and Parent—Adolescent Conflict 240</p> <p> Disequilibrium in the Family • Parent—Adolescent Conflict</p> <p>Problems That Adolescents Sometimes Face 244</p> <p> The Role of Parents in Adolescent Depression • The Role of Parents in Adolescent Problems of Being Overweight • Adolescents Who Are Underweight • The Role of Parents in Adolescent Substance Abuse • The Role of Parents in Adolescent Crime and Delinquency • The Role of Parents in the Early Onset of Sexual Behavior • Adolescent Bullying and Victimization</p> <p>The Benefits and Challenges of Media and Other Technology 254</p> <p> The Benefits of Technology for Adolescent Development and Family Dynamics • The Challenges of Media and Technology for Adolescents and Their Families</p> <p>Summary 257</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 259</p> <p>Useful Websites 259</p> <p>Key Terms 259</p> <p>Chapter 9: The Relationships of Young Adults, Their Parents, and Their Children 260</p> <p>The Role of Parents in Young Adults’ Assumption of Adult Roles 261</p> <p> The Launching of Young Adults • When Young Adults Establish Separate Residences</p> <p>The Enduring Bond Between Young Adults and Their Parents 265</p> <p> The Economic Interdependence of Young Adults and Their Parents</p> <p>Parenthood and the Social-Emotional Development of Young Adults 267</p> <p> The Attachment of Young Adults to Their Parents • The Role of Parents in Promoting Young Adults’ Achievement of Intimacy • Parent—Child Relationships and the Achievement of a Sense of Generativity</p> <p>The Influence of Parent—Child Relationships on Young Adults’ Cognitive Development 276</p> <p> Parenthood and Higher-Level Reasoning: A Piagetian Perspective • Parenthood and Vygotsky’s Concept of Scaffolding</p> <p>The Parallel Role Development of Young Adults and Their Parents: The Role of Filial Maturity 280</p> <p> Dimensions of Filial Maturity</p> <p>Summary 283</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 285</p> <p>Useful Websites 285</p> <p>Key Terms 285</p> <p>Chapter 10: Middle-Age and Older Parenthood and Grandparenthood 286</p> <p>The Influence of Role Transitions on the Relationships of Middle-Aged Adults and Their Adult Children 287</p> <p> The Effects of Adult Children’s Normative Transitions • The Effects of Adult Children’s Non-Normative Social Status Transitions • The Effects of Middle-Age Parents’ Social Status Transitions</p> <p>The Influence of Role Transitions on the Relationships of Older and Middle-Age Adults 291</p> <p> The Effects of Older Adults’ Normative Role Transitions on the Relationships with Their Children and Grandchildren</p> <p>The Influence of Intergenerational Relationships on Older Persons’ Psychological Development 293</p> <p> Parent—Child Relations and Older Adults’ Sense of Integrity • Grandparenthood, Personhood, and the Life Course • Grandparent Caregivers in the United States • Grandparent—Grandchildren Relationships: A Global Perspective</p> <p>The Able Elderly in the Family Context 299</p> <p> The Relationships of Older Adults and Their Children</p> <p>The Relationships of Aging Parents with Adult Children 304</p> <p> When Older Parents Become Chronically Ill and/or Frail • The Challenges Associated With Providing Care for Elderly Parents • Families and Assisted Living</p> <p>Summary 310</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 311</p> <p>Useful Websites 311</p> <p>Key Terms 311</p> <p>Chapter 11: Parent—Child Relationships in Families Where Children or Parents Have Special Needs 312</p> <p>Parenting Children Who Have Exceptionalities 313</p> <p> The Importance of Person-First Language • Parental Reactions to Having a Child With a Disability • The Role of Parents of Children With Exceptionalities • The Challenges of Parenting Children With Exceptionalities • Support for Parents Caring for a Child With a Disability • Parental Advocates for Their Children With Exceptionalities</p> <p>Parenting Children Who Have Cognitive Deficits, Autism, or Adhd 318</p> <p> Parenting Children With Cognitive Impairments • Parenting the Child With Autism • Parenting Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)</p> <p>Parenting Children with Exceptionalities Related to Learning 323</p> <p> Children With Learning Disabilities • Parenting Children Who Are Gifted</p> <p>Parenting Children with Sensory Impairments 326</p> <p> Parenting Children Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired • Parenting Children Who Are Hearing Impaired</p> <p>Parenting Children with Physical Disabilities or Chronic Illnesses 330</p> <p> Parenting Children With Physical Impairments • Parenting Children With Chronic Illnesses • The Effects of a Child’s Chronic Illness on Parental Stress and Family Relationships</p> <p>When Parents Have Exceptionalities or Disabilities 334</p> <p> Parents With ADHD • When a Parent Has a Sensory Impairment • When the Parent Has a Physical Disability</p> <p>Summary 338</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 339</p> <p>Useful Websites 340</p> <p>Key Terms 340</p> <p>Chapter 12: Families at Risk and Families Coping with the Death of a Family Member 341</p> <p>Historical and Contemporary Responses to Child Maltreatment In the United States 342</p> <p> The History of Child Maltreatment in the United States • Factors Related to Child Maltreatment • The Effects of Maltreatment on Children’s Lives • Interventions for Parental Maltreatment of Children</p> <p>Children’s Exposure to Interparental Violence 349</p> <p> The Effects of Interparental Violence on Children’s Development • Interventions for Domestic Violence</p> <p>The Effects of Parental Alcoholism 352</p> <p> The Dynamics in Families Affected by Parental Alcoholism • Adapting to the Dynamics of a Family Affected by Parental Alcohol Abuse • The Effects of Parental Alcoholism on the Lives of Children • Adult Children of Alcoholic Parents • Families in Recovery</p> <p>Coping with the Untimely Death of a Family Member 357</p> <p> The Death of a Parent During Childhood or Adolescence • The Death of a Sibling During Childhood or Adolescence • Comforting Grieving Children and Adolescents • The Grief of Parents When Their Child Dies • Helping Parents Cope with the Death of a Child</p> <p>The Death of an Older Parent or Grandparent 361</p> <p> The Death of an Older Parent • The Death of a Grandparent • The Legacy That Older Persons Leave for Their Adult Children and Their Grandchildren</p> <p>Summary 363</p> <p>Test Your Knowledge 365</p> <p>Useful Websites 365</p> <p>Key Terms 365</p> <p>Appendix</p> <p>Four Nationally Recognized Parenting Programs 366</p> <p>Glossary 371</p> <p>References 375</p> <p>Author Index 420</p> <p>Subject Index 440</p>