Speech Science

<p style="margin: 0px;">BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 1: The Nature of Sound</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 2: The Respiratory System</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 3: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Respiratory Disorders</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 4: The Phonatory/Laryngeal System</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 5: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Phonatory Disorders</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 6: The Articulatory/Resonatory System</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 7: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Articulatory and Resonance Disorders</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 8: The Auditory System</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 9: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Hearing Impairment</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 10: The Nervous System</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 11: Clinical Application: Brain Imaging in the Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders of the Nervous System</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CHAPTER 12: Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Foreword xiii</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Preface xv</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Acknowledgments xvii</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Introduction xix</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 1: The Nature of Sound &nbsp; 1</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">International System of Units  2</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Basic Physics Concepts  3</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Mass, Force, Weight, Volume, and Density  3</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Speed, Velocity, Momentum, Acceleration, (and Inertia  5</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Elasticity and Stiffness  5</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Work, Energy, Power, and Intensity  5</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Pressure  6</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Sound: Changes in Air Pressure  7</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Behavior of Air  7</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Air Pressure  7</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Airflow  8</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Relationship between Air Pressure, Air Volume, and Air Density  8</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">The Nature of Sound  9</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Why Molecules Keep Vibrating: Elasticity, Inertia, and Friction  11</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Sound Propagation  13</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Wave Motion of Sound  13</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Longitudinal Versus Transverse Waves  13</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Mass/Spring System  15</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Simple Harmonic Motion  15</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Frequency, Period, Wavelength, Velocity, and Amplitude  16</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms  18</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Pure Tones and Complex Sounds  21</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Pure Tones  21</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Complex Sounds  21</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Periodic Versus Aperiodic Complex Waves  21</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Spectra  23</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Sound Absorption, Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction  24</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Constructive and Destructive Interference  28</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Attributes of Sounds  31</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Frequency and Pitch  31</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Frequency: Human Range of Hearing  32</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Amplitude, Intensity, and Loudness  32</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Decibel Scale  34</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Logarithms and Ratios  34</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Perception on the dB Scale  36</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Advantages of the Decibel Scale  37</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Applications of the Decibel Scale  38</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Resonance  39</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> Acoustic Resonance  42 <br>Tube Resonance and Standing Waves  44 <br>Acoustic Resonators as Filters  47 <br>Bandwidth  48 <br>Cutoff Frequencies  49 <br>Resonance Curves  49 <br>Parameters of a Filter  49 <br>Types of Filters  50  </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 53</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 54</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 2: The Respiratory System &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 55</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Pulmonary Apparatus  55</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Bronchial Tree  56</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chest Wall  59</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Muscles of Respiration  62</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Accessory Muscles of Respiration  62</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Muscles of the Abdomen  62</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Pleural Linkage  64</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs  66</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Inhalation  66</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Exhalation  67</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Rate of Breathing  67</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Lung Volumes and Capacities  68</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Resting Expiratory Level  69</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Lung Volumes  69</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Tidal Volume  70</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Inspiratory Reserve Volume  70</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Expiratory Reserve Volume  71</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Residual Volume  71</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Dead Air  72</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Lung Capacities  72</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Vital Capacity  72</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Functional Residual Capacity  72</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Inspiratory Capacity  72</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Total Lung Capacity  73</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Differences between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech  75</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Location of Air Intake  76</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Ratio of Time for Inhalation Versus (Exhalation  77</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Volume of Air Inhaled and Exhaled (per Cycle  77</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Muscle Activity for Exhalation  78</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chest Wall Shape  79</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Breathing Patterns for Speech  80</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> Speech Breathing for Isolated Vowels and Connected Speech  82 </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Changes in Speech Breathing Over the Life Span  83</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Features of Speech Breathing in Children  83</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Features of Speech Breathing in Older Adults  84</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 86</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 87</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 3: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Respiratory Disorders 88</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Measurement of Respiratory Variables  88</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Pulmonary Function Testing  89</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Respiratory Kinematic Analysis  92</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Air Pressures  94</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Airflow  95</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Classification of Respiratory Problems  96</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> Symptoms of Respiratory Disorders  97 </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Respiratory Function and Speech Production in Selected Disorders  98</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> Principles of Clinical Management of Speech Breathing Disorders  98 </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Neurological Disorders  99</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> Parkinson’s Disease  99 <br>Cerebellar Disease  101 <br>Cervical Spinal Cord Injury  102 <br>Cerebral Palsy  103 <br>Mechanical Ventilation  104 <br>Voice Disorders  106 <br>Stuttering  108 <br>Asthma  111 <br>Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion  113 </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 115</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 115</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Integrative Case Studies 116</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 4: The Phonatory/Laryngeal System 118</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Laryngeal Skeleton  118</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Bones, Cartilages, and Membranes  118</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Joints of the Larynx  123</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Valves within the Larynx  127</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Aryepiglottic Folds  127</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">False Vocal Folds  127</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">True Vocal Folds  127</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Cover–Body Model  129</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Glottis  130</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Muscles of the Larynx  130</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Extrinsic Muscles  130</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Intrinsic Muscles  131</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Myoelastic–Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation  137</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Models of Vocal Fold Vibration  138</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Features of Vocal Fold Vibration  139</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Changes in the Phonatory/Laryngeal System Over the Life Span  144</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Infancy and Childhood  144</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Puberty  144</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Adulthood  145</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Vocal Quality  147</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Normal Voice Quality  148</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Abnormal Voice Qualities  149</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Vocal Registers  151</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Physiologic and Acoustic Characteristics of Registers  152</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking  153</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 154</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 154</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 5: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Phonatory Disorders 155</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Measurement of Phonatory Variables  155</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Acoustic Analysis  155</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Perturbation Measures  160</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Noise Measures  162</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Laryngeal Visualization Methods  163</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Electroglottography  163</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">EGG and Register  167</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">EGG Slope Quotients  167</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Techniques for Visualizing the Larynx  170</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Advantages of Acoustic and Visual Analysis of Phonatory Function  174</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Evaluation and Treatment of Communication Disorders Involving the Phonatory System  176</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Neurological Disorders  176</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Benign Mucosal Lesions  181</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Laryngeal Cancer  183</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Hearing Impairment  186</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Transsexual Voice  187</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Stuttering  188</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 191</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 192</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Integrative Case Studies 192</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 6: The Articulatory/Resonatory System &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 195</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Articulators of the Vocal Tract  195</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Oral Cavity  196</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Lips  197</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Mandible  198</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Maxilla  199</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Teeth  200</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Hard Palate  203</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Soft Palate  203</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Tongue  207</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Pharynx  211</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Muscles of the Pharynx  212</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Nasal Cavities  213</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Valves of the Vocal Tract  214</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels  215</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Place of Articulation of English (Consonants  215</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Manner of Articulation of English (Consonants  216</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Voicing  221</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Vowel Classification  221</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Vocal Tract Resonance  223</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator  224</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production  226</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes  228</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Vowel Formant Frequencies  231</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">F₁/F₂&nbsp;Plots  233</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Spectrographic Analysis  234</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Narrowband and Wideband Spectrograms  235</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Relationship Between Articulation and Spectrographic Characteristics of Vowels and Consonants  235</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Vowels  236</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Diphthongs  236</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Nasals  238</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Glides  239</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Liquids  239</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Stops  240</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Fricatives  244</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Affricates  246</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">The Production of Speech Sounds in Context  246</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Coarticulation  247</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Speaking Rate  249</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Suprasegmentals  249</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 253</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 253</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 7: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Articulatory and Resonance Disorders 255</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Articulation, Intelligibility, and Instrumental Measurement  255</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Ultrasound  256</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Electropalatography and Glossometry  257</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Magnetic Resonance Imaging  258</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Electromagnetic Articulography  258</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Evaluation and Treatment of Communication Disorders Involving Articulation and Resonation  260</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Dysarthria/Apraxia  260</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Hearing Impairment  267</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Cochlear Implantation  270</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Speech Sound Disorders  272</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Cleft Palate  274</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Stuttering  275</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Resonance Problems  76</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 278</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 278</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Integrative Case Studies 279</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 8: The Auditory System 282</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Anatomy of the Ear  282</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Outer Ear  282</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Tympanic Membrane  284</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Middle Ear  284</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Inner Ear  288</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Perception of Speech  293</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Segmentation Problem  293</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Role of Redundancy in Speech (Perception  294</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception  294</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs  295</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Formant Frequency Relationships  295</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Diphthongs  297</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Consonants  298</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Categorical Perception  298</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Multiple Acoustic Cues  299</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Influence of Coarticulation  299</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Perception of Consonants  300</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Liquids  300</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Glides  300</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Nasals  300</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Stops  301</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Fricatives  303</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Affricates  303</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 304</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 304</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 9: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Hearing Impairment 305</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Types of Hearing Loss  305</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Diagnosis of Hearing Impairment  306</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Immittance Audiometry  306</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Tympanometry  307</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Static-Acoustic Middle Ear Admittance  311</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Acoustic Reflex Testing  311</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Otoacoustic Emissions Testing  312</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Auditory Brain Stem Response Testing  313</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Hearing Loss and Speech Perception  314</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Clinical Application  314</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Phoneme Recognition in Speakers with Hearing Loss  315</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Acoustic Cues Used in Phoneme (Recognition  316</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Vowel Perception  316</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Consonant Perception  317</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Cochlear Implants  317</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Clinical Application  320</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Otitis Media and Speech Perception  320</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Language and Reading Disability and Speech Perception  321</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Temporal Processing Problems  322</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Developmental Dyslexia and Speech Perception  324</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Articulatory Problems and Speech Perception  324</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> Clinical Application  326 </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 326</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 327</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Integrative Case Studies 327Chapter 10</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 10: The Nervous System 328</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Brain Tissue  329</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Glial Cells  329</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Neurons  330</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Neuronal Function  333</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> Neurotransmission  333 </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Central and Peripheral Nervous (Systems  338</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> Central Nervous System  339 </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Functional Brain Anatomy  342</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Cortex  342</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Cortical Connections  344</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Lobes of the Brain  345</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Subcortical Areas of the Brain  350</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Basal Nuclei  350</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Thalamus  352</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Hypothalamus  353</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Brain Stem  354</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Midbrain  355</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Pons  355</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Medulla  355</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Cerebellum  356</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Spinal Cord  357</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Spinal Nerves  361</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Cranial Nerves  362</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">CN V: Trigeminal  363</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CN VII: Facial  365</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear  365</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CN IX: Glossopharyngeal  365</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CN X: Vagus  365</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">CN XII: Hypoglossal  367</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Blood Supply to the Brain  368</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Motor Control Systems Involved in Speech Production  369</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Motor Cortex  370</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Upper and Lower Motor Neurons  372</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Direct and Indirect Systems  375</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Motor Units  375</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Principals of Motor Control  378</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Role of Feedback and Feedforward in Speech Motor Control  378</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Role of Sensory Information in Speech Motor Control  379</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Efference Copy  379</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 380</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 380</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 11: Clinical Application: Brain Imaging in the Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders of the Nervous System 381</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Techniques for Imaging Brain (Structure  382</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Computerized Tomography  382</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Magnetic Resonance Imaging  383</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Techniques for Imaging Brain Function  384</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  384</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Positron Emission Tomography  385</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography  385</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials  386</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation  388</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Use of Brain Imaging Techniques in Communication Disorders  390</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Stuttering  390</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Stroke  391</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Parkinson’s Disease  392</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Multiple Sclerosis  393</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Alzheimer’s Disease  394</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 395</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 395</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Integrative Case Studies 396</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><br></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Chapter 12:&nbsp;Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception&nbsp;397</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Models and Theories  398</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Models  398</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Theories  399</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Issues Related to Organization and Regulation of Speech Motor Control  400</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">The Serial-Order Issue  400</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Degrees of Freedom  401</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Context-Sensitivity Problem  401</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Models and Theories of Speech Production  401</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Dynamic Systems Models  401</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Connectionist Models  402</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Spatial and Articulatory Target Models  402</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Feedback and Feedforward Models  404</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">The DIVA Model  405</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Speech Perception  406</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Specialization of Speech Perception  406</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Infant Perception  407</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Models and Theories of Speech Perception  408</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;">Acoustic Invariance Theory  408</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Direct Realism  409</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">TRACE Model  409</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Logogen Theory  410</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Cohort Theory  410</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception  410</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Native Language Magnet Theory  411</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Motor Theory  411</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Summary 413</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Review Exercises 414</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Glossary 415</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">References 431</p> <p style="margin: 0px;"></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">Index 459</p>