Citizens' Initiatives in Europe

Introduction; T.Schiller & M.Setälä PART I: PRACTICES OF FULL-SCALE INITIATIVES Switzerland: Citizens' Initiatives as a Measure to Control the Political Agenda; G.Lutz Initiatives in Liechtenstein - Safety Valve in a Complex System of Government; W.Marxer An Electoral Tactic? Citizens' Initiatives in Post-Soviet Latvia; D.Auers PART II: SYSTEMS MIXING DIFFERENT TYPES OF INITIATIVES Institutions of Citizens' Political Participation in Italy: Crooked Forms, Hindered Institutionalization; P.Uleri Initiative Instruments in Germany – Variations in Regional States; T.Schiller Citizens' Initiative in Hungary: An Additional Opportunity for Power-Sharing in an Extremely Majoritarian System; Z.T.Pállinger Citizens' Initiative in Lithuania: Initiative Institutions and their Political Impact in a New Democracy; A.Krupavicius If It Works, Fine, If Not, So What? Initiatives in Slovakia; E.Láštic PART III: PRACTICES OF AGENDA INITIATIVES The Austrian Agenda Initiative: An Instrument Dominated by Opposition Parties; K.Giese The Spanish Agenda Initiative and the Reform of its Legal Regime: A New Chance for Participatory Democracy?; V.Cuesta-López Popular Initiatives in Poland: Citizen Empowerment or Keeping Up Appearances?; A.Rytel-Warzocha Transnational 'Babystep': The European Citizens' Initiative; B.Kaufmann Comparative Findings; T.Schiller & M.Setälä