<p>SECTION 1: ARTHRITIS<br>INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW<br>4 Introduction to Arthritis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>EROSIVE<br>10 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Axial Skeleton<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>16 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Shoulder and Elbow<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>22 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Wrist and Hand<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>28 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Hip<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>32 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Knee<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>36 Rheumatoid Arthritis of Ankle and Foot<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>40 Robust Rheumatoid Arthritis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>41 Felty Syndrome<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>42 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>48 Adult Still Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>PRODUCTIVE<br>50 Osteoarthritis of Axial Skeleton<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>54 DISH<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>60 OPLL<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>64 Rapidly Progressive Osteoarthritis<br>66 Osteoarthritis of Shoulder and Elbow<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>70 Osteoarthritis of Wrist and Hand<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>74 Osteoarthritis of Hip<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>80 Osteoarthritis of Knee<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>MIXED EROSIVE AND PRODUCTIVE<br>86 Ankylosing Spondylitis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>92 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Arthritis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>98 Psoriatic Arthritis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>104 Chronic Reactive Arthritis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>DUE TO BIOCHEMICAL DISORDERS OR<br>DEPOSITIONAL DISEASE</p> <p>110 Gout<br>Eva M. Escobedo, MD, B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR, and<br>Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR<br>116 Pyrophosphate Arthropathy<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>122 Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>128 Amyloid Deposition<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>134 Hemochromatosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>135 Ochronosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>136 Wilson Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>137 Oxalosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>MISCELLANEOUS JOINT DISORDERS</p> <p>138 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>144 Intraarticular Chondroma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>148 Nodular Synovitis (Intraarticular)<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>152 Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>153 Synovial Vascular Malformation<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>154 Synovial Chondromatosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>160 Charcot (Neuropathic)<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>166 Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>172 Complex Regional Pain Syndr<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>SECTION 2: OSSEOUS TUMORS AND<br>TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS<br>INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW</p> <p>180 Bone Tumors: Diagnosis, Staging, and Biopsy<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>188 Bone Tumors: Treatment Options and Follow-Up<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>BONE-FORMING TUMORS<br>194 Enostosis (Bone Island)<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>198 Osteoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>204 Osteoid Osteoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>210 Osteoblastoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>216 Conventional Osteosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>222 Parosteal Osteosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>228 Periosteal Osteosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>232 Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>236 Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>240 High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>242 Secondary Osteosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>CARTILAGE-FORMING TUMORS<br>246 Enchondroma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>252 Osteochondroma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>258 Multiple Hereditary Exostoses<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>264 Chondroblastoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>268 Chondromyxoid Fibroma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>272 Periosteal Chondroma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>278 Chondrosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>284 Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>286 Periosteal Chondrosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>288 Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>MARROW TUMORS<br>290 Plasmacytoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR and Chris Hanrahan, MD,<br>PhD<br>296 Multiple Myeloma<br>Chris Hanrahan, MD, PhD<br>302 POEMS<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>304 Ewing Sarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>310 Leukemia: Osseous Manifestations<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>314 Lymphoma of Bone<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>320 Metastases: Bone Marrow<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>OTHER OSSEOUS TUMORS<br>326 Desmoplastic Fibroma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>330 Del_Liposclerosing Myxofibrous Tumor<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>332 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>336 Fibrosarcoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>338 Intraosseous Lipoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>342 Giant Cell Tumor<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>348 Adamantinoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>352 Hemangioma: Intraosseous<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>358 Epithelioid Hemangioma<br>362 Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of Bone<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>364 Angiosarcoma: Osseous<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>368 Chordoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS<br>372 Paget Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>378 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>384 Fibrous Dysplasia<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>390 Osteofibrous Dysplasia<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>396 Simple Bone Cyst<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>402 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>408 Fibroxanthoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>TUMORS<br>BENIGN ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS<br>430 Lipoma: Soft Tissue<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>436 Lipomatosis<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>442 Lipomatosis: Nerve<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>446 Macrodystrophia Lipomatosa<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>450 Lipoma Arborescens: Knee<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>454 Lipoblastoma/Lipoblastomatosis<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>456 Hibernoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>460 Parosteal Lipoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>INTERMEDIATE ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS<br>464 Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well-Differentiated<br>Liposarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>MALIGNANT ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS<br>468 Myxoid Liposarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>472 Pleomorphic Liposarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>473 Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>FIBROBLASTIC/MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMORS<br>BENIGN FIBROUS TUMORS<br>474 Nodular and Proliferative Fasciitis<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD</p> <p>475 Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous<br>Proliferation<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>476 Elastofibroma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>480 Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>481 Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>482 Fibromatosis Colli<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>483 Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>484 Fibroma of Tendon Sheath<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>488 Desmoplastic Fibroblastoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>490 Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>492 Myositis Ossificans/Heterotopic Ossification<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>INTERMEDIATE (LOCALLY AGGRESSIVE)<br>FIBROUS TUMORS<br>498 Superficial Fibromatoses<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>502 Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>INTERMEDIATE (RARELY METASTASIZING)<br>FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS<br>508 Solitary Fibrous Tumor and Hemangiopericytoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>514 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>518 Infantile Fibrosarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>MALIGNANT FIBROUS TUMORS<br>520 Fibrosarcoma: Soft Tissue<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>524 Myxofibrosarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>528 Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>530 Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>534 Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>SO-CALLED FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS<br>BENIGN FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS<br>538 Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, Extraarticular<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR</p> <p>544 Diffuse-Type Giant Cell Tumor (Extraarticular PVNS)<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>546 Deep Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>MALIGNANT FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS<br>548 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma With<br>Prominent Inflammation<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS<br>SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS, BENIGN<br>550 Leiomyoma: Superficial and Deep<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS, MALIGNANT<br>554 Leiomyosarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>PERICYTIC (PERIVASCULAR) TUMORS<br>560 Glomus Tumor<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>564 Angioleiomyoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMORS<br>SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMORS, BENIGN<br>566 Rhabdomyoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMORS, MALIGNANT<br>568 Rhabdomyosarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC TUMORS<br>BENIGN VASCULAR TUMORS<br>574 Vascular Malformations<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>580 Hemangioma<br>584 Angiomatosis<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>586 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>590 Lymphangioma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>INTERMEDIATE (RARELY METASTASIZING)<br>VASCULAR TUMORS<br>594 Kaposi Sarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>598 Hemangioendothelioma: Soft Tissue<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD</p> <p>MALIGNANT VASCULAR TUMORS<br>600 Angiosarcoma: Soft Tissue<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>CHONDROOSSEOUS TUMORS<br>604 Chondroma: Soft Tissue<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>606 Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>608 Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION<br>BENIGN TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN<br>DIFFERENTIATION<br>612 Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor<br>614 Myxoma<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>INTERMEDIATE TUMORS (RARELY<br>METASTASIZING) OF UNCERTAIN<br>DIFFERENTIATION<br>620 Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma<br>622 Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>MALIGNANT TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN<br>DIFFERENTIATION<br>624 Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>628 Synovial Sarcoma<br>Stephanie Bernard, MD, Catherine C. Roberts, MD, and<br>Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR<br>634 Epithelioid Sarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>638 Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>642 PNET/Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMORS<br>NONNEOPLASTIC<br>644 Morton Neuroma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>648 Traumatic Neuroma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>NEUROFIBROMA<br>650 Neurofibroma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR</p> <p>SCHWANNOMA<br>656 Schwannoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD,<br>FACR<br>MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH<br>TUMOR<br>662 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS LESIONS<br>666 Epidermoid/Epidermal Inclusion Cyst<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>668 Rheumatoid Nodule<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>672 Metastases: Soft Tissue<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>676 Melanoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>SOFT TISSUE TUMOR MIMICS<br>682 Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Infection/Inflammation<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>686 Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Vascular<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>690 Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Crystal Disease<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>694 Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Other<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>700 Xanthoma<br>Catherine C. Roberts, MD<br>SECTION 4: CONGENITAL AND<br>DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES<br>GENERAL<br>706 Arthrogryposis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>707 Amniotic Band Syndrome<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>708 Cerebral Palsy<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>709 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>710 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>711 Muscular Dystrophy<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>712 Neurofibromatosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>718 Osteogenesis Imperfecta<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>724 Turner Syndrome<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>UPPER EXTREMITY<br>725 Glenoid Hypoplasia<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>726 Madelung Deformity<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>730 Ulnar Variance<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>LOWER EXTREMITY<br>734 Developmental Dysplasia of Hip<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>740 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>746 Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>750 Osgood-Schlatter Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>751 Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>752 Blount Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>754 Pes Planus (Flatfoot)<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>760 Club Foot (Talipes Equinovarus)<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>764 Congenital Vertical Talus (Rocker-Bottom Foot)<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>765 Pes Cavus<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>766 Tarsal Coalition<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>SECTION 5: DYSPLASIAS<br>SKELETAL DYSPLASIA<br>DWARFISM DYSPLASIA<br>774 Introduction to Dwarfing Dysplasias<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>778 Achondroplasia<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>782 Pseudoachondroplasia<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>783 Achondrogenesis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>784 Thanatophoric Dwarfism<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>786 Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy of Jeune<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>787 Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld)<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>788 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>792 Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>NONDWARFING DYSPLASIAS<br>796 Ollier Disease<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>800 Maffucci Syndrome<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA</p> <p>801 Chondrodysplasia Punctata<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>802 Cleidocranial Dysplasia<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>803 Caffey Disease<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>804 Fong Disease (Nail Patella Syndrome)<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>SCLEROSING DYSPLASIAS<br>806 Melorheostosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD,<br>PhD, FACR<br>810 Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>814 Osteopetrosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>820 Pycnodysostosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>824 Osteitis Condensans<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>826 Osteitis Pubis: Non-Traumatic Origin<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>828 Intramedullary Osteosclerosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD,<br>PhD, FACR<br>829 Other Sclerosing Conditions of Bone<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>SECTION 6: SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH<br>MSK INVOLVEMENT<br>GENERAL<br>832 Complications of Paraplegia<br>Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and B. J. Manaster,<br>MD, PhD, FACR<br>836 Acroosteolysis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>840 Sickle Cell Anemia<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>846 Thalassemia<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>852 Myelofibrosis<br>Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR, B. J. Manaster, MD,<br>PhD, FACR, and Stephanie Bernard, MD<br>856 Hemophilia<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>862 Diabetes<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>868 HIV/AIDS<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>874 Sarcoidosis: Bone<br>Sandra Moore, MD<br>878 Sarcoidosis: Muscle<br>Sandra Moore, MD<br>880 Sarcoidosis: Joint<br>Sandra Moore, MD<br>881 Sarcoidosis: Soft Tissue<br>Sandra Moore, MD</p> <p>882 Mastocytosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>884 Tuberous Sclerosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>STORAGE DISORDERS<br>888 Gaucher Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>892 Mucopolysaccharidoses<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS<br>894 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>898 Systemic Sclerosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>902 Inflammatory Myopathy<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>908 Overlap Syndrome/Mixed Connective Tissue Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>909 Homocystinuria<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>910 Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>912 Erdheim-Chester Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>SOFT TISSUE DISORDERS<br>914 Denervation Hypertrophy<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>VASCULAR<br>916 Embolic Disease<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>917 Meningococcemia<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>SECTION 7: ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS OR<br>ARTHRODESIS<br>ARTHROPLASTIES AND ARTHRODESIS<br>920 Introduction to Arthroplasties<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>928 Hip Implant<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>934 Revision Arthroplasty<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>938 Knee Implant<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>944 Shoulder Implant<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>948 Elbow Implant<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>950 Ankle Implant<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>952 Ankle Arthrodesis<br>Julia R. Crim, MD</p> <p>954 Small Joint Implants and Arthrodesis: Hand and Toes<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>INTERNAL FIXATION<br>960 Hallux Valgus Corrections<br>Julia R. Crim, MD<br>962 Intramedullary Nail/Rod<br>Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Cheryl A. Petersilge,<br>MD, MBA<br>966 Plate Fixation<br>Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Cheryl A. Petersilge,<br>MD, MBA<br>970 Screw Fixation<br>Kirkland W. Davis, MD, FACR and Cheryl A. Petersilge,<br>MD, MBA<br>976 Cement and Bone Fillers<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>982 Wire/Cerclage/Cable Fixation<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>983 Anchoring Devices<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>SECTION 8: INFECTION<br>OSTEOMYELITIS<br>986 Acute Osteomyelitis: Child<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>990 Acute Osteomyelitis: Adult<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>996 Spinal Infections<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1002 Chronic Osteomyelitis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>SOFT TISSUE AND JOINTS<br>1006 Septic Arthritis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1012 Infectious Tenosynovitis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1013 Infectious Bursitis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1014 Soft Tissue Infection<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1018 Necrotizing Fasciitis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>SPECIFIC PATHOGENS<br>1020 Tuberculosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1026 Fungal Infection<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1027 Brucellosis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1028 Madura Foot<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1029 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p> <p>Syphilis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1032 Polio<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1033 Parasitic Infection<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>CONDITIONS OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY<br>1034 SAPHO<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1035 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>SECTION 9: BONE MARROW<br>DISTRIBUTION PATTERN<br>1038 Marrow Distribution: Normal<br>Sandra Moore, MD<br>1042 Increased or Decreased Marrow Cellularity<br>Sandra Moore, MD<br>1048 Diffuse Marrow Infiltration and Replacement<br>Sandra Moore, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1054 Focal Marrow Infiltration and Replacement<br>Sandra Moore, MD<br>SECTION 10: BONE MARROW EDEMA<br>AND NECROSIS<br>BONE MARROW EDEMA<br>1060 Transient Bone Marrow Edema and Regional<br>Migratory Osteoporosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>OSTEONECROSIS<br>INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW<br>1062 Introduction to Osteonecrosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1066 Bone Infarct<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1070 Osteonecrosis of Hip<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD,<br>PhD, FACR<br>1076 Osteonecrosis of Shoulder<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1077 Osteonecrosis of Knee<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1078 Osteonecrosis of Wrist<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD,<br>PhD, FACR<br>1082 Osteonecrosis of Ankle and Foot<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD,<br>PhD, FACR<br>1086 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease<br>Brady K. Huang, MD, B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR, and<br>Stephanie Bernard, MD</p> <p>SECTION 11: METABOLIC BONE DISEASE<br>INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW<br>1094 Introduction to Metabolic Bone Disease<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>DISEASES OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS<br>1100 Hyperparathyroidism<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1106 Osteomalacia and Rickets<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1110 Renal Osteodystrophy<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD,<br>PhD, FACR<br>1116 Dialysis-Related Disease, Metastatic Calcification<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1117 Dialysis-Related Disease, Spondyloarthropathy<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1118 Hypoparathyroidism, Pseudo- and<br>Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>OSTEOPOROSIS<br>1120 Primary Osteoporosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1124 Disuse Osteoporosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1125 Idiopathic Juvenile Osteoporosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1126 Anorexia<br>Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and B. J. Manaster,<br>MD, PhD, FACR<br>1127 Osteoporosis: Other Causes<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>PITUITARY DISORDERS<br>1128 Pituitary Disorders: Acromegaly and Growth<br>Hormone Deficiency<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>THYROID DISEASE<br>1130 Hypothyroidism and Cretinism<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1132 Hyperthyroidism<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1133 Thyroid Acropachy<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>MISCELLANEOUS METABOLIC CONDITIONS<br>1134 Hypophosphatasia<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1136 Cushing Syndrome<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA<br>1137 Tumoral (Idiopathic) Calcinosis<br>Donna G. Blankenbaker, MD, FACR and Cheryl A.<br>Petersilge, MD, MBA</p> <p>SECTION 12: DRUG-INDUCED AND<br>NUTRITIONAL MSK CONDITIONS<br>DRUG-INDUCED EMBRYOPATHY<br>1140 Medications<br>1144 Warfarin (Coumadin): Complications<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1145 Alcohol<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>DRUG-INDUCED CONDITIONS<br>1146 Substance Abuse<br>1150 Anticonvulsants<br>1154 Corticosteroids<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1155 Bisphosphonates<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and B. J. Manaster, MD,<br>PhD, FACR<br>1156 Prostaglandins<br>1157 Hypervitaminosis A and Retinoids<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1158 Vitamin D<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1159 Retinoid-Associated Osteoarthritis<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1160 Statins<br>1164 Metals and Minerals<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1165 Fluoride: Complications<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1166 Voriconazole<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>1167 Quinolones<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR<br>NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY<br>1168 Scurvy<br>B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR</p>