Radioactive Waste Management and Contaminated Site Clean-Up

<p>Contributor contact details</p> <p>Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy</p> <p>Foreword</p> <p>Preface</p> <p>Chapter 1: Fundamentals of radioactive waste (RAW): science, sources, classification and management strategies</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>1.1 Introduction</p> <p>1.2 Controlled and uncontrolled wastes</p> <p>1.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) classification</p> <p>1.4 Sources of waste</p> <p>1.5 Managing controlled wastes</p> <p>1.6 Strategies for managing uncontrolled releases and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>1.7 Sources of further information</p> <p>Chapter 2: Radioactive waste (RAW) categories, characterization and processing route selection</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>2.1 Introduction</p> <p>2.2 Basic categories of radioactive waste (RAW)</p> <p>2.3 RAW characterization and control</p> <p>2.4 RAW processing route selection</p> <p>2.5 Sources of further information</p> <p>Chapter 3: International safety standards for radioactive waste (RAW) management and remediation of contaminated sites</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>3.1 Introduction</p> <p>3.2 International, regional and national organisations involved</p> <p>3.3 International standards for radiological safety and environmental protection</p> <p>3.4 Radioactive waste (RAW) management policies, regulations and standards</p> <p>3.5 RAW packaging and transportation practice</p> <p>3.6 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 4: Technical solutions for the management of radioactive waste (RAW): overview and methods of selection</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>4.1 Introduction</p> <p>4.2 Waste routing, classification and categorization</p> <p>4.3 Waste management steps</p> <p>4.4 Technical options for waste management</p> <p>4.5 Methodologies for technology selection</p> <p>4.6 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 5: Irradiated nuclear fuel management: resource versus waste</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>5.1 Introduction</p> <p>5.2 Temporary storage</p> <p>5.3 Fuel cycle options</p> <p>5.4 Managing wastes from fuel recycling</p> <p>5.5 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 6: Radioactive waste (RAW) conditioning, immobilization, and encapsulation processes and technologies: overview and advances</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>6.1 Introduction</p> <p>6.2 Waste form definitions</p> <p>6.3 Types of immobilization processes and pre-processes</p> <p>6.4 Immobilization processes and technologies</p> <p>6.5 Waste forms, waste packages, and the geological environment</p> <p>6.6 Recent advances in waste form processing</p> <p>6.7 Radiation damage in glasses and ceramics</p> <p>6.8 Leach testing and its role in the waste acceptance process</p> <p>Chapter 7: Assessing and modelling the performance of nuclear waste and associated packages for long-term management</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>7.1 Introduction</p> <p>7.2 Background</p> <p>7.3 Corrosion of relevant metals and alloys in mild and near-neutral pH environments</p> <p>7.4 Stress corrosion and hydrogen-induced cracking of carbon steel and stainless steel</p> <p>7.5 Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) degradation</p> <p>7.6 Cladding performance</p> <p>7.7 Summary</p> <p>Chapter 8: Remediation of radioactively contaminated sites and management of the resulting waste</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>8.1 Introduction: definition and extent of the problem</p> <p>8.2 Planning and management of environmental remediation (ER)</p> <p>8.3 Waste from contaminated areas: characteristics and volume</p> <p>8.4 Decontamination methodologies and techniques</p> <p>8.5 Waste transportation</p> <p>8.6 Waste disposal</p> <p>8.7 Future trends</p> <p>8.8 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 9: Safety and risk assessment of radioactive waste (RAW) and contaminated sites</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>9.1 Introduction</p> <p>9.2 Deterministic and probabilistic analysis methods</p> <p>9.3 Safety and risk assessment</p> <p>9.4 Application to the case of radionuclide escape from a near-surface disposal facility</p> <p>9.5 Correlation of emergency accident levels with probabilities of occurrence: implications for the safe operation of facilities</p> <p>Chapter 10: Russia: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>10.1 Introduction</p> <p>10.2 Special features of radioactive waste (RAW) accumulation in the USSR</p> <p>10.3 Long-term RAW isolation strategy</p> <p>10.4 A new type of repository: the adoption of the controlled prolonged storage concept</p> <p>10.5 Survey of modern RAW management technologies</p> <p>10.6 The state system for the accounting and control of RAW and radioactive materials (RAM)</p> <p>10.7 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 11: Ukraine: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>11.1 Introduction</p> <p>11.2 Sources, types and classification of wastes</p> <p>11.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management practice</p> <p>11.4 Chernobyl accident</p> <p>11.5 Problems and lessons learned</p> <p>11.6 Future trends</p> <p>11.7 Conclusion</p> <p>11.8 Sources of further information</p> <p>Chapter 12: Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Poland: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>12.1 Introduction</p> <p>12.2 Sources, types and classification of wastes</p> <p>12.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments</p> <p>12.4 Contaminated site clean-up experience</p> <p>12.5 Problematic cases and lessons learned</p> <p>12.7 Sources of further information</p> <p>Chapter 13: Nordic countries: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>13.1 Introduction</p> <p>13.2 Sources, types and classification of wastes</p> <p>13.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments</p> <p>13.4 Contaminated site clean-up experience</p> <p>13.5 Problematic cases and lessons learned</p> <p>13.6 Future trends</p> <p>13.7 Acknowledgement</p> <p>Chapter 14: Germany: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>14.1 Introduction</p> <p>14.2 Sources, types and classification of nuclear waste</p> <p>14.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments</p> <p>14.4 German nuclear waste repository projects</p> <p>14.5 Problematic cases and lessons learned</p> <p>14.6 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 15: France: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>15.1 Introduction</p> <p>15.2 Sources, types and classification of wastes</p> <p>15.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments</p> <p>15.4 Contaminated site clean-up experience</p> <p>15.5 Problematic cases and lessons learned</p> <p>15.6 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 16: England and Wales: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>16.1 Introduction</p> <p>16.2 Structure of the UK nuclear industry</p> <p>16.3 Sources, types and classification of wastes</p> <p>16.4 Development of radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies</p> <p>16.5 Current RAW management practices and strategies</p> <p>16.6 Contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>16.7 Sharing experience</p> <p>16.8 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 17: Scotland: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>17.1 Introduction</p> <p>17.2 Legal framework for decommissioning and radioactive waste (RAW) arrangements in Scotland</p> <p>17.3 Scottish government solid low level radioactive waste (LLW) policy</p> <p>17.4 Scottish government higher activity waste (HAW) policy</p> <p>17.5 Nuclear power plants in Scotland</p> <p>17.6 Dounreay research station under decommissioning</p> <p>17.7 Nuclear submarines and naval test reactors in Scotland</p> <p>17.8 Industry and small users</p> <p>17.9 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 18: United States: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site cleanup</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>18.1 Introduction</p> <p>18.2 Policies and practices</p> <p>18.3 Regulations and standards</p> <p>18.4 Regulatory oversight: federal and state agencies</p> <p>18.5 Waste classification, characteristics, and inventory</p> <p>18.6 Blue Ribbon Commission</p> <p>18.7 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies</p> <p>18.8 Site cleanup and closure experience</p> <p>18.9 Yucca Mountain: history and lessons learned</p> <p>18.10 Acknowledgement</p> <p>18.12 Appendix: acronyms</p> <p>Chapter 19: Canada: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site cleanup</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>19.1 Policies and regulations</p> <p>19.2 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies</p> <p>19.3 Long-term management</p> <p>19.4 Contaminated site cleanup experience and planned projects</p> <p>19.5 Case studies and lessons learned</p> <p>19.6 Acknowledgments</p> <p>Chapter 20: South Africa: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>20.1 Introduction</p> <p>20.2 Sources, classification and types of wastes</p> <p>20.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies</p> <p>20.4 Waste acceptance criteria (WAC)</p> <p>20.5 Necsa solid waste management system</p> <p>20.6 Necsa radioactive waste management plan development</p> <p>20.7 Development of the Necsa radioactive waste management plan (NRWMP)</p> <p>20.8 Decommissioning strategies and planning</p> <p>20.9 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 21: Republic of Korea: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>21.1 Introduction</p> <p>21.2 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategy, practice and issues</p> <p>21.3 Spent fuel management strategy, practice and issues</p> <p>21.4 Decommissioning and decontamination (D&D) strategy, practice and issues</p> <p>21.5 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 22: China: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>22.1 Introduction</p> <p>22.2 Sources, types and classification of waste</p> <p>22.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments</p> <p>22.4 Geological disposal of high level waste (HLW)</p> <p>22.5 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 23: Japan: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>23.1 Introduction</p> <p>23.2 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategy</p> <p>23.3 Spent fuel management strategy, practice and issues15</p> <p>23.4 Decommissioning strategy, practice and issues^16–20</p> <p>Chapter 24: Fukushima: The current situation and future plans</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>24.1 Introduction</p> <p>24.2 Extent and composition of radioactive material released</p> <p>24.3 Dispersion and transport of radioactive materials</p> <p>24.4 Effects of released radiation on food, environment and human health</p> <p>24.5 Clean-up programme</p> <p>24.6 Mid- and long-term roadmap</p> <p>24.7 Sources of further information</p> <p>24.8 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 25: Management of radioactive waste (RAW) from nuclear weapons programmes</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>25.1 Introduction</p> <p>25.2 Waste types, classification and composition</p> <p>25.3 Nuclear safety and security</p> <p>25.4 Treatment and immobilization</p> <p>25.5 Waste form properties</p> <p>25.6 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 26: Modeling and strategy approaches for assessing radionuclide contamination from underground testing of nuclear weapons in Nevada, USA</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>26.1 Introduction</p> <p>26.2 Hydrogeological setting of the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS)</p> <p>26.3 Underground testing and groundwater flow and transport in corrective action units</p> <p>26.4 Regulatory strategy</p> <p>26.5 Future trends</p> <p>26.6 Acknowledgments</p> <p>Chapter 27: Remote monitoring of former underground nuclear explosion sites predominantly in the former USSR</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>27.1 Introduction</p> <p>27.2 Effects of the underground nuclear explosions on the environment</p> <p>27.3 Problems as a consequence of underground nuclear tests</p> <p>27.4 Thermal anomalies as informative signs of underground nuclear explosions</p> <p>27.5 Space monitoring of thermal anomalies and prospects for its application</p> <p>Index</p>