P Sharma
John Wiley & Sons
e druk, 2015
9781118655207
Esophageal Cancer and Barrett′s Esophagus 3e
Specificaties
Gebonden, 304 blz.
|
Engels
John Wiley & Sons |
2015
ISBN13: 9781118655207
Rubricering
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 16 werkdagen
Gratis verzonden
Samenvatting
Esophageal Cancer and Barrett s Esophagus, 3E, focuses on these two common and key conditions that affect the esophagus, providing expert guidance to their pathogenesis, cause, prevention, diagnosis and clinical management.
Top international names in the field examine each of the many issues involved, using the very latest evidence–based research, and clear, didactic advice allows the reader to understand the best methods of diagnosis and clinical management of each condition whether early or late stage.
Well–illustrated and fully revised to include the latest in ACG/ASG/UEGW guidelines, it is the perfect consultation tool for gastroenterologists and oncologists managing patients with cancer of the esophagus. It is also ideal for teaching residents and fellows optimum patient management, and for identifying areas requiring future research.
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
<p>List of contributors ix</p>
<p>Preface xiii</p>
<p>1 Epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma 1<br /> Mohammad H. Shakhatreh and Hashem B El–Serag</p>
<p>1.1 The incidence and mortality related to esophageal cancer 1</p>
<p>1.2 Mortality 2</p>
<p>1.3 Risk factors for EA 2</p>
<p>2 Barrett s esophagus: definition and diagnosis 15<br /> Stuart Jon Spechler</p>
<p>2.1 Introduction 15</p>
<p>2.2 Early history of Barrett s esophagus 15</p>
<p>2.3 Early reports on the histology of Barrett s esophagus 16</p>
<p>2.4 Identification of the gastroesophageal junction 16</p>
<p>2.5 Recognition of short segment Barrett s esophagus 17</p>
<p>2.6 Intestinal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus 18</p>
<p>2.7 The problem of cardiac mucosa 18</p>
<p>2.8 Definition of Barrett s esophagus 19</p>
<p>2.9 Diagnostic criteria for Barrett s esophagus 19</p>
<p>2.10 Intestinal metaplasia at the GEJ 20</p>
<p>3 Epidemiology and prevalence of Barrett s esophagus 25<br /> Helen G. Coleman, Shivaram K. Bhat and Liam J. Murray</p>
<p>3.1 Introduction 25</p>
<p>3.2 BE prevalence 25</p>
<p>3.3 BE incidence 28</p>
<p>3.4 Etiology and risk factors for BE 30</p>
<p>3.5 Neoplastic progression risk in BE 30</p>
<p>3.6 Conclusions 31</p>
<p>4 Esophageal adenocarcinoma: risk factors 35<br /> Mariam Naveed and Kerry B. Dunbar</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 35</p>
<p>4.2 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 35</p>
<p>4.3 Barrett s esophagus (BE) 36</p>
<p>4.4 Obesity 37</p>
<p>4.5 Smoking 37</p>
<p>4.6 Alcohol 38</p>
<p>4.7 Dietary factors 38</p>
<p>4.8 Medication use 38</p>
<p>4.9 H. pylori 39</p>
<p>4.10 Demographics 39</p>
<p>4.11 Summary 39</p>
<p>5 Esophageal motility abnormalities in Barrett s esophagus 45<br /> Kumar Krishnan, John E. Pandolfino and Peter J. Kahrilas</p>
<p>5.1 Introduction 45</p>
<p>5.2 Antireflux barrier 45</p>
<p>5.3 Lower esophageal sphincter 46</p>
<p>5.4 Diaphragmatic sphincter and hiatal hernia 46</p>
<p>5.5 Mechanical properties of the relaxed EGJ 47</p>
<p>5.6 Esophageal clearance 48</p>
<p>5.7 Peristaltic dysfunction 49</p>
<p>5.8 Gastric emptying and duodenogastroesophageal reflux 49</p>
<p>5.9 Therapy of motor abnormalities in Barrett s esophagus 50</p>
<p>5.10 Conclusion 50</p>
<p>6 Molecular biology of Barrett s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma 55<br /> Ayesha Noorani and Rebecca C. Fitzgerald</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 55</p>
<p>6.2 Genetic and host susceptibility 55</p>
<p>6.3 Environmental factors contributing to the development of BE 57</p>
<p>6.4 Genomic instability mutations and copy number changes in candidate genes 58</p>
<p>6.5 The advent of next generation sequencing 61</p>
<p>6.6 Future directions and conclusions 63</p>
<p>7 Histology of Barrett s esophagus: metaplasia and dysplasia 69<br /> Deepa T. Patil and John R. Goldblum</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 69</p>
<p>7.2 Normal anatomy and histology 69</p>
<p>7.3 Histology of Barrett s esophagus 69</p>
<p>7.4 Intestinal metaplasia of the EGJ 71</p>
<p>7.5 Barrett s esophagus–related dysplasia 71</p>
<p>7.6 Intramucosal adenocarcinoma (IMC) 72</p>
<p>7.7 Submucosal adenocarcinoma 73</p>
<p>7.8 Morphologic types of dysplasia 73</p>
<p>7.9 Sampling error and observer variation in Barrett s esophagus–related dysplasia 74</p>
<p>7.10 Surrogate biomarkers for assessing risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma 74</p>
<p>8 Helicobacter pylori and esophageal neoplasia 79<br /> Arne Kandulski, Marino Venerito and Peter Malfertheiner</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 79</p>
<p>8.2 H. pylori infection gastritis pattern and gastric physiology with impact on gastroesophageal reflux disease 79</p>
<p>8.3 Epidemiological studies GERD symptoms, erosive esophagitis and H. pylori 80</p>
<p>8.4 H. pylori, Barrett s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma 81</p>
<p>8.5 H. pylori eradication and GERD 82</p>
<p>8.6 H. pylori and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 83</p>
<p>8.7 Conclusions 84</p>
<p>9 Screening and surveillance 87<br /> Sarmed S. Sami and Krish Ragunath</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction 87</p>
<p>9.2 Screening 87</p>
<p>9.3 Surveillance 90</p>
<p>9.4 Conclusion 93</p>
<p>10 New surface imaging technologies for dysplasia and cancer detection 97<br /> David F. Boerwinkel, Wouter L. Curvers and Jacques J.G.H.M. Bergman</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction 97</p>
<p>10.2 Surface imaging in Barrett s esophagus 98</p>
<p>10.3 Surface imaging for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 103</p>
<p>10.4 Summary 104</p>
<p>11 New cellular imaging technologies for dysplasia and cancer detection 107<br /> Helmut Neumann and Ralf Kiesslich</p>
<p>11.1 Introduction 107</p>
<p>11.2 Confocal laser endomicroscopy 107</p>
<p>11.3 Endocytoscopy 110</p>
<p>11.4 Optical coherence tomography 111</p>
<p>11.5 Molecular imaging in Barrett s 112</p>
<p>11.6 Conclusion 112</p>
<p>12 The role of endoscopic ultrasound in esophageal cancer 115<br /> Samad Soudagar and Neil Gupta</p>
<p>12.1 Background 115</p>
<p>12.2 Equipment 115</p>
<p>12.3 Visualized EUS anatomy 115</p>
<p>12.4 Obstacles to accurate EUS staging 116</p>
<p>12.5 Esophageal cancer staging and impact on treatment intervention 117</p>
<p>12.6 T staging 117</p>
<p>12.7 N staging 119</p>
<p>12.8 M staging 120</p>
<p>12.9 Restaging after chemoradiotherapy and surveillance for disease recurrence 120</p>
<p>12.10 Conclusion/summary 121</p>
<p>13 Staging of esophageal adenocarcinoma by CT, PET, and other modalities 125<br />Florian Lordick, Katja Ott, Matthias Ebert, Lars Grenacher, Bernd–Joachim Krause and Christian Wittekind</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction 125</p>
<p>13.2 Endoscopic staging 125</p>
<p>13.3 Staging by external ultrasonography 128</p>
<p>13.4 Staging by radiological examinations 128</p>
<p>13.5 Staging by positron emission tomography (PET) 129</p>
<p>13.6 The value of FDG–PET to predict response to pre–operative treatment 130</p>
<p>13.7 Conclusion: summary of recommended staging procedures 132</p>
<p>14 Medical management of Barrett s esophagus 137<br /> Sachin Wani</p>
<p>14.1 Introduction 137</p>
<p>14.2 Assessment of symptoms 137</p>
<p>14.3 Acid suppressive therapies in management of reflux symptoms 138</p>
<p>14.4 Normalization of intraesophageal acid exposure 138</p>
<p>14.5 Management of erosive esophagitis 139</p>
<p>14.6 Maintenance of healed mucosa after endoscopic eradication therapies 139</p>
<p>14.7 Conclusions 140</p>
<p>15 Thermal therapies and photodynamic therapy for early esophageal neoplasia 143<br /> Jacques Deviere</p>
<p>15.1 Introduction 143</p>
<p>15.2 Photodynamic therapy 144</p>
<p>15.3 Argon plasma coagulation 144</p>
<p>15.4 Cryotherapy 147</p>
<p>15.5 Conclusion 147</p>
<p>16 RFA for early esophageal neoplasia 151<br /> Daniel K. Chan, Cadman L. Leggett and Kenneth K. Wang</p>
<p>16.1 Background 151</p>
<p>16.2 Device and procedural technique 151</p>
<p>16.3 Efficacy and durability of radiofrequency ablation 154</p>
<p>16.4 Initial treatment response to RFA and risk factors for failed ablation 156</p>
<p>16.5 Endoscopic mucosal resection in combination with radiofrequency ablation 157</p>
<p>16.6 Safety and tolerability of radiofrequency ablation 157</p>
<p>16.7 Subsquamous intestinal metaplasia after radiofrequency ablation 157</p>
<p>16.8 Surveillance following radiofrequency ablation 158</p>
<p>16.9 Conclusions 158</p>
<p>17 The role of endoscopic cryotherapy for treatment and palliation 161<br /> Kristle Lee Lynch, Eun Ji Shin and Marcia Irene Canto</p>
<p>17.1 Introduction 161</p>
<p>17.2 Cryotherapy mechanisms of tissue injury 161</p>
<p>17.3 Types of cryotherapy: devices, dosing, and endoscopic application 162</p>
<p>17.4 Efficacy and safety in Barrett s esophagus 164</p>
<p>17.5 Cryotherapy for the treatment of esophageal carcinoma 166</p>
<p>17.6 Summary and future directions 167</p>
<p>18 Endoscopic resection 169<br /> Oliver Pech</p>
<p>18.1 Introduction 169</p>
<p>18.2 ER techniques 169</p>
<p>18.3 ER in HGIN and early Barrett s cancer 171</p>
<p>18.4 ER of submucosal Barrett s adenocarcinoma 174</p>
<p>18.5 Conclusions 174</p>
<p>19 Endoscopic submucosal dissection 177<br /> Hironori Yamamoto, Tsuneo Oyama and Takuji Gotoda</p>
<p>19.1 Introduction 177</p>
<p>19.2 Indications of ESD for esophageal cancer 177</p>
<p>19.3 Preoperative examination 178</p>
<p>19.4 Techniques of ESD [19 22] for esophageal cancer 178</p>
<p>19.5 Complications 184</p>
<p>19.6 Sedation and anesthesia 185</p>
<p>19.7 Results 185</p>
<p>19.8 Training 185</p>
<p>19.9 Conclusion 186</p>
<p>20 Surgical therapy of early esophageal cancer 189<br /> Toshitaka Hoppo and Blair A. Jobe</p>
<p>20.1 Introduction 189</p>
<p>20.2 Early esophageal cancer 189</p>
<p>20.3 Indication of surgical resection for early esophageal adenocarcinoma 190</p>
<p>20.4 Strategy of surgical resection for early esophageal adenocarcinoma 190</p>
<p>20.5 Choice of surgical approach and outcomes 191</p>
<p>20.6 Discussion 194</p>
<p>20.7 Conclusion 195</p>
<p>21 Chemoprevention: can we prevent esophageal cancer? 199<br /> Janusz Jankowski and Mary Denholm</p>
<p>21.1 Overview 199</p>
<p>21.2 The effect of aspirin on cancer prevention 200</p>
<p>21.3 Risks and adverse effects of aspirin 201</p>
<p>21.4 The role of aspirin in reflux disease 203</p>
<p>21.5 Risk–benefits of aspirin 204</p>
<p>21.6 AspECT trial 205</p>
<p>22 Selection of patients for cancer prevention and eradication 209<br /> Aaron J. Small and Gary W. Falk</p>
<p>22.1 Introduction 209</p>
<p>22.2 Patient factors 209</p>
<p>22.3 Cancer risk and grade of dysplasia 210</p>
<p>22.4 Baseline quality measures 212</p>
<p>22.5 The lesion 213</p>
<p>22.6 Predictors of response 215</p>
<p>22.7 Predictors of initial response to therapy 215</p>
<p>22.8 Future considerations 217</p>
<p>22.9 Conclusions 217</p>
<p>23 Combined modality therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer 221<br /> Geoffrey Y. Ku and David H. Ilson</p>
<p>23.1 Introduction 221</p>
<p>23.2 Pre–operative chemotherapy 221</p>
<p>23.3 Post–operative therapy 222</p>
<p>23.4 Chemoradiation for medically inoperably patients 224</p>
<p>23.5 Pre–operative chemoradiation 224</p>
<p>23.6 Pre–operative chemoradiation vs. chemotherapy 225</p>
<p>23.7 Definitive vs. pre–operative chemoradiation 225</p>
<p>23.8 Newer chemoradiation regimens 226</p>
<p>23.9 Targeted therapies 226</p>
<p>23.10 Positron emission tomography–directed therapy 227</p>
<p>23.11 Conclusion 228</p>
<p>24 Surgery in locally advanced esophageal cancer 231<br /> Nabil Rizk</p>
<p>24.1 Introduction 231</p>
<p>24.2 Chemotherapy, chemoradiation and surgical complications 231</p>
<p>24.3 Technical considerations 232</p>
<p>24.4 Risks of salvage surgery 233</p>
<p>24.5 Conclusion 234</p>
<p>25 Radiation therapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer 237<br /> Heath D. Skinner and Bruce D. Minsky</p>
<p>25.1 Introduction 237</p>
<p>25.2 Definitive therapy in unresectable locally advanced esophageal cancer 237</p>
<p>25.3 Trimodality therapy 240</p>
<p>25.4 Techniques of radiation therapy 243</p>
<p>25.5 Conclusions 245</p>
<p>26 Systemic therapy and targeted agents in advanced esophageal cancer 251<br /> Mark A. Lewis and Harry H. Yoon</p>
<p>26.1 Introduction 251</p>
<p>26.2 Chemotherapy 251</p>
<p>26.3 Targeted therapy 253</p>
<p>26.4 Future directions 258</p>
<p>26.5 Conclusions 259</p>
<p>27 Role of endoscopy and nutritional support in advanced esophageal cancer 265<br /> Manol Jovani, Andrea Anderloni and Alessandro Repici</p>
<p>27.1 Introduction 265</p>
<p>27.2 Nutritional support in advanced esophageal cancer 266</p>
<p>27.3 Palliative endoscopy in inoperable esophageal cancer 266</p>
<p>27.4 Conclusion 273</p>
<p>Index 277</p>
<p>Preface xiii</p>
<p>1 Epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma 1<br /> Mohammad H. Shakhatreh and Hashem B El–Serag</p>
<p>1.1 The incidence and mortality related to esophageal cancer 1</p>
<p>1.2 Mortality 2</p>
<p>1.3 Risk factors for EA 2</p>
<p>2 Barrett s esophagus: definition and diagnosis 15<br /> Stuart Jon Spechler</p>
<p>2.1 Introduction 15</p>
<p>2.2 Early history of Barrett s esophagus 15</p>
<p>2.3 Early reports on the histology of Barrett s esophagus 16</p>
<p>2.4 Identification of the gastroesophageal junction 16</p>
<p>2.5 Recognition of short segment Barrett s esophagus 17</p>
<p>2.6 Intestinal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus 18</p>
<p>2.7 The problem of cardiac mucosa 18</p>
<p>2.8 Definition of Barrett s esophagus 19</p>
<p>2.9 Diagnostic criteria for Barrett s esophagus 19</p>
<p>2.10 Intestinal metaplasia at the GEJ 20</p>
<p>3 Epidemiology and prevalence of Barrett s esophagus 25<br /> Helen G. Coleman, Shivaram K. Bhat and Liam J. Murray</p>
<p>3.1 Introduction 25</p>
<p>3.2 BE prevalence 25</p>
<p>3.3 BE incidence 28</p>
<p>3.4 Etiology and risk factors for BE 30</p>
<p>3.5 Neoplastic progression risk in BE 30</p>
<p>3.6 Conclusions 31</p>
<p>4 Esophageal adenocarcinoma: risk factors 35<br /> Mariam Naveed and Kerry B. Dunbar</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 35</p>
<p>4.2 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 35</p>
<p>4.3 Barrett s esophagus (BE) 36</p>
<p>4.4 Obesity 37</p>
<p>4.5 Smoking 37</p>
<p>4.6 Alcohol 38</p>
<p>4.7 Dietary factors 38</p>
<p>4.8 Medication use 38</p>
<p>4.9 H. pylori 39</p>
<p>4.10 Demographics 39</p>
<p>4.11 Summary 39</p>
<p>5 Esophageal motility abnormalities in Barrett s esophagus 45<br /> Kumar Krishnan, John E. Pandolfino and Peter J. Kahrilas</p>
<p>5.1 Introduction 45</p>
<p>5.2 Antireflux barrier 45</p>
<p>5.3 Lower esophageal sphincter 46</p>
<p>5.4 Diaphragmatic sphincter and hiatal hernia 46</p>
<p>5.5 Mechanical properties of the relaxed EGJ 47</p>
<p>5.6 Esophageal clearance 48</p>
<p>5.7 Peristaltic dysfunction 49</p>
<p>5.8 Gastric emptying and duodenogastroesophageal reflux 49</p>
<p>5.9 Therapy of motor abnormalities in Barrett s esophagus 50</p>
<p>5.10 Conclusion 50</p>
<p>6 Molecular biology of Barrett s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma 55<br /> Ayesha Noorani and Rebecca C. Fitzgerald</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 55</p>
<p>6.2 Genetic and host susceptibility 55</p>
<p>6.3 Environmental factors contributing to the development of BE 57</p>
<p>6.4 Genomic instability mutations and copy number changes in candidate genes 58</p>
<p>6.5 The advent of next generation sequencing 61</p>
<p>6.6 Future directions and conclusions 63</p>
<p>7 Histology of Barrett s esophagus: metaplasia and dysplasia 69<br /> Deepa T. Patil and John R. Goldblum</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 69</p>
<p>7.2 Normal anatomy and histology 69</p>
<p>7.3 Histology of Barrett s esophagus 69</p>
<p>7.4 Intestinal metaplasia of the EGJ 71</p>
<p>7.5 Barrett s esophagus–related dysplasia 71</p>
<p>7.6 Intramucosal adenocarcinoma (IMC) 72</p>
<p>7.7 Submucosal adenocarcinoma 73</p>
<p>7.8 Morphologic types of dysplasia 73</p>
<p>7.9 Sampling error and observer variation in Barrett s esophagus–related dysplasia 74</p>
<p>7.10 Surrogate biomarkers for assessing risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma 74</p>
<p>8 Helicobacter pylori and esophageal neoplasia 79<br /> Arne Kandulski, Marino Venerito and Peter Malfertheiner</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 79</p>
<p>8.2 H. pylori infection gastritis pattern and gastric physiology with impact on gastroesophageal reflux disease 79</p>
<p>8.3 Epidemiological studies GERD symptoms, erosive esophagitis and H. pylori 80</p>
<p>8.4 H. pylori, Barrett s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma 81</p>
<p>8.5 H. pylori eradication and GERD 82</p>
<p>8.6 H. pylori and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 83</p>
<p>8.7 Conclusions 84</p>
<p>9 Screening and surveillance 87<br /> Sarmed S. Sami and Krish Ragunath</p>
<p>9.1 Introduction 87</p>
<p>9.2 Screening 87</p>
<p>9.3 Surveillance 90</p>
<p>9.4 Conclusion 93</p>
<p>10 New surface imaging technologies for dysplasia and cancer detection 97<br /> David F. Boerwinkel, Wouter L. Curvers and Jacques J.G.H.M. Bergman</p>
<p>10.1 Introduction 97</p>
<p>10.2 Surface imaging in Barrett s esophagus 98</p>
<p>10.3 Surface imaging for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 103</p>
<p>10.4 Summary 104</p>
<p>11 New cellular imaging technologies for dysplasia and cancer detection 107<br /> Helmut Neumann and Ralf Kiesslich</p>
<p>11.1 Introduction 107</p>
<p>11.2 Confocal laser endomicroscopy 107</p>
<p>11.3 Endocytoscopy 110</p>
<p>11.4 Optical coherence tomography 111</p>
<p>11.5 Molecular imaging in Barrett s 112</p>
<p>11.6 Conclusion 112</p>
<p>12 The role of endoscopic ultrasound in esophageal cancer 115<br /> Samad Soudagar and Neil Gupta</p>
<p>12.1 Background 115</p>
<p>12.2 Equipment 115</p>
<p>12.3 Visualized EUS anatomy 115</p>
<p>12.4 Obstacles to accurate EUS staging 116</p>
<p>12.5 Esophageal cancer staging and impact on treatment intervention 117</p>
<p>12.6 T staging 117</p>
<p>12.7 N staging 119</p>
<p>12.8 M staging 120</p>
<p>12.9 Restaging after chemoradiotherapy and surveillance for disease recurrence 120</p>
<p>12.10 Conclusion/summary 121</p>
<p>13 Staging of esophageal adenocarcinoma by CT, PET, and other modalities 125<br />Florian Lordick, Katja Ott, Matthias Ebert, Lars Grenacher, Bernd–Joachim Krause and Christian Wittekind</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction 125</p>
<p>13.2 Endoscopic staging 125</p>
<p>13.3 Staging by external ultrasonography 128</p>
<p>13.4 Staging by radiological examinations 128</p>
<p>13.5 Staging by positron emission tomography (PET) 129</p>
<p>13.6 The value of FDG–PET to predict response to pre–operative treatment 130</p>
<p>13.7 Conclusion: summary of recommended staging procedures 132</p>
<p>14 Medical management of Barrett s esophagus 137<br /> Sachin Wani</p>
<p>14.1 Introduction 137</p>
<p>14.2 Assessment of symptoms 137</p>
<p>14.3 Acid suppressive therapies in management of reflux symptoms 138</p>
<p>14.4 Normalization of intraesophageal acid exposure 138</p>
<p>14.5 Management of erosive esophagitis 139</p>
<p>14.6 Maintenance of healed mucosa after endoscopic eradication therapies 139</p>
<p>14.7 Conclusions 140</p>
<p>15 Thermal therapies and photodynamic therapy for early esophageal neoplasia 143<br /> Jacques Deviere</p>
<p>15.1 Introduction 143</p>
<p>15.2 Photodynamic therapy 144</p>
<p>15.3 Argon plasma coagulation 144</p>
<p>15.4 Cryotherapy 147</p>
<p>15.5 Conclusion 147</p>
<p>16 RFA for early esophageal neoplasia 151<br /> Daniel K. Chan, Cadman L. Leggett and Kenneth K. Wang</p>
<p>16.1 Background 151</p>
<p>16.2 Device and procedural technique 151</p>
<p>16.3 Efficacy and durability of radiofrequency ablation 154</p>
<p>16.4 Initial treatment response to RFA and risk factors for failed ablation 156</p>
<p>16.5 Endoscopic mucosal resection in combination with radiofrequency ablation 157</p>
<p>16.6 Safety and tolerability of radiofrequency ablation 157</p>
<p>16.7 Subsquamous intestinal metaplasia after radiofrequency ablation 157</p>
<p>16.8 Surveillance following radiofrequency ablation 158</p>
<p>16.9 Conclusions 158</p>
<p>17 The role of endoscopic cryotherapy for treatment and palliation 161<br /> Kristle Lee Lynch, Eun Ji Shin and Marcia Irene Canto</p>
<p>17.1 Introduction 161</p>
<p>17.2 Cryotherapy mechanisms of tissue injury 161</p>
<p>17.3 Types of cryotherapy: devices, dosing, and endoscopic application 162</p>
<p>17.4 Efficacy and safety in Barrett s esophagus 164</p>
<p>17.5 Cryotherapy for the treatment of esophageal carcinoma 166</p>
<p>17.6 Summary and future directions 167</p>
<p>18 Endoscopic resection 169<br /> Oliver Pech</p>
<p>18.1 Introduction 169</p>
<p>18.2 ER techniques 169</p>
<p>18.3 ER in HGIN and early Barrett s cancer 171</p>
<p>18.4 ER of submucosal Barrett s adenocarcinoma 174</p>
<p>18.5 Conclusions 174</p>
<p>19 Endoscopic submucosal dissection 177<br /> Hironori Yamamoto, Tsuneo Oyama and Takuji Gotoda</p>
<p>19.1 Introduction 177</p>
<p>19.2 Indications of ESD for esophageal cancer 177</p>
<p>19.3 Preoperative examination 178</p>
<p>19.4 Techniques of ESD [19 22] for esophageal cancer 178</p>
<p>19.5 Complications 184</p>
<p>19.6 Sedation and anesthesia 185</p>
<p>19.7 Results 185</p>
<p>19.8 Training 185</p>
<p>19.9 Conclusion 186</p>
<p>20 Surgical therapy of early esophageal cancer 189<br /> Toshitaka Hoppo and Blair A. Jobe</p>
<p>20.1 Introduction 189</p>
<p>20.2 Early esophageal cancer 189</p>
<p>20.3 Indication of surgical resection for early esophageal adenocarcinoma 190</p>
<p>20.4 Strategy of surgical resection for early esophageal adenocarcinoma 190</p>
<p>20.5 Choice of surgical approach and outcomes 191</p>
<p>20.6 Discussion 194</p>
<p>20.7 Conclusion 195</p>
<p>21 Chemoprevention: can we prevent esophageal cancer? 199<br /> Janusz Jankowski and Mary Denholm</p>
<p>21.1 Overview 199</p>
<p>21.2 The effect of aspirin on cancer prevention 200</p>
<p>21.3 Risks and adverse effects of aspirin 201</p>
<p>21.4 The role of aspirin in reflux disease 203</p>
<p>21.5 Risk–benefits of aspirin 204</p>
<p>21.6 AspECT trial 205</p>
<p>22 Selection of patients for cancer prevention and eradication 209<br /> Aaron J. Small and Gary W. Falk</p>
<p>22.1 Introduction 209</p>
<p>22.2 Patient factors 209</p>
<p>22.3 Cancer risk and grade of dysplasia 210</p>
<p>22.4 Baseline quality measures 212</p>
<p>22.5 The lesion 213</p>
<p>22.6 Predictors of response 215</p>
<p>22.7 Predictors of initial response to therapy 215</p>
<p>22.8 Future considerations 217</p>
<p>22.9 Conclusions 217</p>
<p>23 Combined modality therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer 221<br /> Geoffrey Y. Ku and David H. Ilson</p>
<p>23.1 Introduction 221</p>
<p>23.2 Pre–operative chemotherapy 221</p>
<p>23.3 Post–operative therapy 222</p>
<p>23.4 Chemoradiation for medically inoperably patients 224</p>
<p>23.5 Pre–operative chemoradiation 224</p>
<p>23.6 Pre–operative chemoradiation vs. chemotherapy 225</p>
<p>23.7 Definitive vs. pre–operative chemoradiation 225</p>
<p>23.8 Newer chemoradiation regimens 226</p>
<p>23.9 Targeted therapies 226</p>
<p>23.10 Positron emission tomography–directed therapy 227</p>
<p>23.11 Conclusion 228</p>
<p>24 Surgery in locally advanced esophageal cancer 231<br /> Nabil Rizk</p>
<p>24.1 Introduction 231</p>
<p>24.2 Chemotherapy, chemoradiation and surgical complications 231</p>
<p>24.3 Technical considerations 232</p>
<p>24.4 Risks of salvage surgery 233</p>
<p>24.5 Conclusion 234</p>
<p>25 Radiation therapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer 237<br /> Heath D. Skinner and Bruce D. Minsky</p>
<p>25.1 Introduction 237</p>
<p>25.2 Definitive therapy in unresectable locally advanced esophageal cancer 237</p>
<p>25.3 Trimodality therapy 240</p>
<p>25.4 Techniques of radiation therapy 243</p>
<p>25.5 Conclusions 245</p>
<p>26 Systemic therapy and targeted agents in advanced esophageal cancer 251<br /> Mark A. Lewis and Harry H. Yoon</p>
<p>26.1 Introduction 251</p>
<p>26.2 Chemotherapy 251</p>
<p>26.3 Targeted therapy 253</p>
<p>26.4 Future directions 258</p>
<p>26.5 Conclusions 259</p>
<p>27 Role of endoscopy and nutritional support in advanced esophageal cancer 265<br /> Manol Jovani, Andrea Anderloni and Alessandro Repici</p>
<p>27.1 Introduction 265</p>
<p>27.2 Nutritional support in advanced esophageal cancer 266</p>
<p>27.3 Palliative endoscopy in inoperable esophageal cancer 266</p>
<p>27.4 Conclusion 273</p>
<p>Index 277</p>