Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism

<P>Aeromagnetic surveying.- Agricola, Georgius (1494–1555).- Alfvén waves.- Alfvén, Hannes Olof Gösta (1908–1995).- Alfvén's theorem and the frozen flux approximation.- Anelastic and Boussinesq approximations.- Anisotropy, electrical.- Anti-dynamo and bounding theorems.- Archaeology, magnetic methods.- Archaeomagnetism.- Auroral oval.- Baked contact test.- Bangui anomaly.- Barlow, Peter (1776–1862).- Bartels, Julius (1899–1964).- Bauer, Louis Agricola (1865–1932).- Bemmelen, Willem van (1868–1941).- Benton, Edward R. (1934–1992).- Bingham statistics.- Biomagnetism.- Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, Baron of Chelsea (1897–1974).- Bullard, Edward Crisp (1907–1980).- Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.- Carnegie, research vessel.- CHAMP.- Chapman, Sydney (1888–1970).- Coast effect of induced currents.- Compass.- Conductivity geothermometer.- Conductivity, ocean floor measurements .- Convection, chemical.- Convection, non-magnetic rotating.- Core composition.- Core convection.- Core density.- Core motions.- Core origin.- Core properties, physical.- Core properties, theoretical determination.- Core temperature.- Core turbulence.- Core viscosity.- Core, adiabatic gradient.- Core, boundary layers.- Core, electrical conductivity.- Core, magnetic instabilities.- Core, thermal conduction.- Core-based inversions for the main geomagnetic field.- Core-mantle boundary topography, implications for dynamics.- Core-mantle boundary topography, seismology.- Core-mantle boundary, heat flow across.- Core-mantle coupling, electromagnetic.- Core-mantle coupling, thermal.- Core-mantle coupling, topographic .- Cowling, Thomas George (1906–1990).- Cowling's Theorem.- Cox, Allan V. (1926–1987).- Crustal magnetic field.- D'' and F Layers of the Earth.- D'' as a boundary layer.- D'', anisotropy.- D'', composition.- D'', seismic properties.- Della Porta, Giambattista (1535–1615).- Demagnetization.- Depth to Curie temperature.- Dipole moment variation.- Dynamo waves.- Dynamo, Backus .- Dynamo, Braginsky .- Dynamo, Bullard-Gellman.- Dynamo, disk.- Dynamo, Gailitis.- Dynamo, Herzenberg.- Dynamo, Lowes-Wilkinson.- Dynamo, Model-Z.- Dynamo, Ponomarenko .- Dynamo, solar.- Dynamos, experimental.- Dynamos, fast.- Dynamos, kinematic .- Dynamos, mean field.- Dynamos, periodic .- Dynamos, planetary and satellite.- Earth structure, major divisions.- Elsasser, Walter M. (?–1991).- EM modeling, forward.- EM modeling, inverse.- EM, industrial uses.- EM, lake bottom measurements.- EM, land uses.- EM, regional studies.- EM, tectonic interpretations.- Environmental magnetism.- Environmental magnetism, paleomagnetic applications.- Equilibration of magnetic field, weak and strong field dynamos.- Euler deconvolution.- First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams.- Fisher statistics.- Fleming, John Adam (1877–1855).- Fluid dynamics experiments.- Galvanic distortion.- Gauss' determination of absolute intensity.- Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777–1855).- Gellibrand, Henry (1597–1636).- Geocentric axial dipole hypothesis.- Geodynamo.- Geodynamo, dimensional analysis and timescales.- Geodynamo, energy sources.- Geodynamo, numerical simulations .- Geodynamo, symmetry properties.- Geomagnetic deep sounding.- Geomagnetic dipole field.- Geomagnetic excursion.- Geomagnetic field, asymmetries.- Geomagnetic hazards.- Geomagnetic jerks.- Geomagnetic polarity reversals.- Geomagnetic polarity reversals, observations.- Geomagnetic polarity timescales.- Geomagnetic pulsations.- Geomagnetic reversal sequence, statistical structure.- Geomagnetic reversals, archives.- Geomagnetic secular variation.- Geomagnetic spectrum, spatial.- Geomagnetic spectrum, temporal.- Geomagnetism, history of.- Gilbert William (1544–1603).- Gravitational torque.- Gravity-inertio waves and inertial oscillations.- Grüneisen's parameter for iron and Earth's core.- Halley, Edmond (1656–1742).- Hansteen, Christopher (1784–1873).- Harmonics, spherical.- Harmonics, spherical cap.- Hartmann, Georg (1489–1564).- Helioseismology.- Higgins-Kennedy paradox.- Humboldt, Alexander von (1759–1859).- Humboldt, Alexander von and magnetic storms.- IAGA, International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy.- Ideal solution theory.- IGRF, International Geomagnetic Reference Field.- Induction arrows.- Induction from satellite data.- Inhomogeneous boundary conditions and the dynamo.- Inner core anisotropy.- Inner core composition.- Inner core oscillation.- Inner core rotation.- Inner core rotational dynamics.- Inner core seismic velocities.- Inner core tangent cylinder.- Inner core, PKJKP.- Instrumentation, history of .- Interiors of planets and satellites.- Internal external field separation.- Ionosphere.- Iron sulphides.- Jesuits, role in geomagnetism.- Kircher, Athanasius (1602–1680).- Langel, Robert A. (1937–2000).- Laplace's equation, uniqueness of solutions.- Larmor, Joseph (1857–1942).- Lehmann, Inge (1888–1993).- Length of day variations, decadal.- Length of day variations, long term.- Lloyd, Humphrey (1808–1881).- Magnetic anisotropy, sedimentary rocks and strain alteration.- Magnetic anomalies for geology and resources.- Magnetic anomalies, long wavelength.- Magnetic anomalies, marine.- Magnetic anomalies, modeling.- Magnetic domain.- Magnetic field of Mars.- Magnetic field of Sun.- Magnetic indices.- Magnetic mineralogy, changes due to heating.- Magnetic properties, low-temperature.- Magnetic proxy parameters.- Magnetic remanence, anisotropy.- Magnetic shielding.- Magnetic surveys, marine.- Magnetic susceptibility, anisotropy.- Magnetic susceptibility, anisotropy, effects of heating.- Magnetic susceptibility, anisotropy, rock fabric.- Magnetic susceptibility, low-field.- Magnetization, anhysteretic remanent (ARM).- Magnetization, chemical remanent&nbsp; (CRM).- Magnetization, depositional remanent (DRM).- Magnetization, isothermal remanent (IRM).- Magnetization, natural remanent (NRM).- Magnetization, oceanic crust.- Magnetization, piezo-remanent.- Magnetization, remanent, application.- Magnetization, remanent, fold test.- Magnetization, thermoremanent (TRM).- Magnetization, thermoremanent, in minerals.- Magnetization, viscous remanent (VRM).- Magnetoconvection.- Magnetohydrodynamic waves.- Magnetohydrodynamics.- Magnetometers, laboratory.- Magnetosphere of the Earth.- Magnetostratigraphy.- Magnetotellurics.- Magsat.- Main field maps.- Main field modelling.- Main field, ellipticity correction.- Mantle, electrical conductivity, mineralogy.- Mantle, thermal conductivity.- Marine controlled source EM.- Matuyama, Motonori (1884–1958).- Melting temperature of iron in the core, experimental.- Melting temperature of iron in the core, theory.- Microwave palaeomagnetic technique.- Nagata, Takesi (1913–1991).- Natural sources for EM induction studies.- Neél, Louis (1904–2000).- Non-dipole field.- Non-dynamo theories.- Norman, Robert (1560–1585).- Observatories, overview.- Observatories instrumentation.- Observatories automation.- Observatories, intermagnet.- Observatories programme in Australia.- Observatories programme in the British Isles.- Observatories programme in France.- Observatories programme in USA.- Observatories in Antarctica.- Observatories in Benelux countries.- Observatories in Canada.- Observatories in China.- Observatories in East and Central Europe.- Observatories in Germany.- Observatories in India.- Observatories in Italy.- Observatories in Japan and Asia.- Observatories in Latin America.- Observatories in New Zealand and the South Pacific.- Observatories in Nordic countries.- Observatories in Russia.- Observatories in southern Africa.- Observatories in Spain.- Ocean, electromagnetic effects.- Oldham, Richard Dixon (1858–1936).- Ørsted, Hans Christian (1777–1851).- Oscillations, torsional.- Paleointensity, absolute, determination.- Paleointensity, absolute, techniques.- Paleointensity, relative, in sediments.- Paleomagnetic field collection methods.- Paleomagnetic secular variation.- Paleomagnetism.- Paleomagnetism, deep-sea sediments.- Paleomagnetism, extraterrestrial.- Paleomagnetism, orogenic belts.- Parkinson, Wilfred Dudley (1919–2001).- Peregrinus, Petrus (c. 1220–?).- Periodic external fields.- Plate tectonics, China.- POGO (OGO-2, -4 and -6 spacecraft).- Polarity transition, paleomagnetic record.- Polarity transitions.- Pole, paleomagnetic.- Potential vorticity and potential magnetic field theorems.- Precession and core dynamics.- Price, Albert Thomas (1903–1978).- Principal component analysis in paleomagnetism.- Project MAGNET.- Proudman-Taylor theorem.- Radioactive isotopes, their decay in mantle and core.- Reduction to pole.- Repeat stations.- Reversals, theory.- Rikitake, Tsuneji (1921–?).- Ring current.- Robust electromagnetic transfer functions estimates.- Rock magnetism.- Rock magnetism, hysteresis measurements.- Rock magnetometer, superconducting.- Runcorn, S. Keith (1922–1995).- Runcorn's theorem.- Sabine, Edward (1788–1883).- Seamount magnetism.- Secular variation model.-SEDI .- Seismic phases.- Seismo-electromagnetic effects.- Shaw and microwave methods, absolute paleointensity determination.- Shock wave experiments.- Spinner magnetometer.- Statistical methods for paleovector analysis.- Storms and substorms, magnetic.- Stress demagnetization.- Superchrons, changes in reversal frequency.- Susceptibility.- Susceptibility, measurements of solids.- Susceptibility, parameters, anisotropy.- Taylor's condition.- Thellier, Émile (1904–1987).- Thermal wind.- Time-averaged paleomagnetic field.- Time-dependent models of the geomagnetic field.- Transfer functions.- Transient EM induction.- True polar wander.- ULVZ, ultra-low velocity zone.- Units.- Upward and downward continuation.- Variable field translation balance.- Verhoogen, John (1912–1993).- Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis.- Volcano-electromagnetic effects.- Voyages making geomagnetic measurements.- Watkins, Norman David (1934–1977).- Westward drift. </P>