Economic Development and Social Change in the People’s Republic of China

One Concepts of Development in the Chinese Communist Party Prior to the Founding of the People’s Republic of China. Realization in the Reconstruction Phase, 1949–1952.- I. Basic Concepts.- A. The Will to National Renewal.- B. Soviet and Chinese Positions.- 1. The Role of the Peasantry.- 2. Views on the Bourgeoisie and National Movements.- 3. Class-Consciousness and Class Membership.- 4. “Creative” Application and Further Development of Marxism.- 5. Sino-Soviet Conflict of Interest.- C. Aims and Goal Projections.- 1. Standpoint on Foreign Aid.- 2. Social Policy.- 3. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 4. Economic Policy.- II. The Situation in 1949 and First Developmental Measures.- A. Economic and Social Conditions in 1949.- 1. Structural Backwardness.- 2. Institutional Development Hindrances.- 3. War Destruction, Dismantling, and Currency Decline.- B. Social Policy.- 1. Marriage Legislation.- 2. Intellectuals.- 3. Educational Policy.- 4. Health and Social Policy.- C. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Organization of the Political and Economic Administration.- 2. Cooperation Between the CCP, the PLA, and the Political and Economic Institutions.- 3. Parties and Mass Organizations.- 4. Campaigns for Consolidation and Reeducation.- D. Economic Policy.- 1. Sino-Soviet Economic Cooperation.- 2. Planning and Organization.- 3. Reduction of Inflationary Pressure.- III. Results.- A. Political Consolidation—Social Integration.- B. Economic Stabilization.- C. The Soviet Orientation in the Development Process.- Two Adoption of the Soviet Developmental Model. The Period of the First Chinese Five-Year Plan, 1953–1957.- I. Basic Concept and Planning.- II. Development Goals.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Education and Science.- 2. Health and Social Security.- 3. Population Policy.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Constitution and Administration.- 2. National Minorities.- 3. Intellectuals.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Industry.- 2. Agriculture.- 3. Trade.- 4. Transportation.- III. Development Policy Measures.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Educational and Science Policy.- 2. Health and Social Policy.- 3. Population Policy.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Constitution and Administrative Reorganization.- 2. Minorities Policy.- 3. Cooperation with the Intellectuals.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Economic Cooperation with the Soviet Union.- 2. Planning and Organization.- 3. Budgetary Policy.- 4. Investment Policy.- 5. Sectoral Economic Policy.- IV. Results.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Education and Science.- 2. Health and Social Insurance.- 3. Population Development.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Constitution and Administration.- 2. National Minorities.- 3. Intellectuals.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Industry.- 2. Agriculture.- 3. Trade.- 4. Transportation.- D. Causes of Success and Failure.- E. The Coming Reorientation.- Three The Policy of the Three Red Banners. The Second Five-Year Plan, 1958–1962, and the Consolidation Phase, 1963–1965.- I. Basic Concept.- II. Development Goals.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Education and Science.- 2. Health and Social Insurance.- 3. Population Development.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Administration.- 2. Ideological Alignment.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Industry.- 2. Agriculture.- 3. Trade.- 4. Transportation.- III. Development Policy Measures.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Education and Social Policy.- 2. Health and Social Policy.- 3. Population Policy.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Administrative Reform.- 2. Political Strife over the Basic Concept.- 3. The Socialist Education Movement.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Economic Cooperation with the Soviet Union.- 2. Planning and Organization.- 3. Budgetary Policy.- 4. Investment Policy.- 5. Sectoral Economic Policy.- IV. Results.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Education and Science.- 2. Health and Social Security.- 3. Population Development.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Industry.- 2. Agriculture.- 3. Trade.- 4. Transportation.- D. Causes of the Economic and Political Crisis.- E. Alternative Concepts for Further Development.- Four The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Development Policy during the Period of the Third Five-Year Plan, 1966–1970.- I. Guiding Principles and Basic Concept. The Launching of the Cultural Revolution.- II. Development Goals.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Basic Problems.- 2. Education and Science.- 3. Health Policy.- 4. Population Policy.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. “Capitalist Authorities” and Mass Mobilization.- 2. Administrative and Directive Organs.- 3. Cadres.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Basic Issues.- 2. Planning and Organization.- 3. Industry.- 4. Agriculture.- 5. Trade.- 6. Transportation.- III. Development Policy Measures.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Education and Science.- 2. Health Policy.- 3. Population Policy.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Purges.- 2. The Formation of Revolutionary Committees.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Planning and Organization.- 2. Budgetary Policy.- 3. Investment Policy.- 4. Sectoral Economic Policy.- IV. Results.- A. Social Policy.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Industry.- 2. Agriculture.- 3. Trade.- 4. Transportation.- D. Impulse and Restraining Factors of Development.- E. Reorientation of the Development Policy.- Five Between Pragmatism and Maoist Visions of the Future. The Fourth Five-Year Plan, 1971–1975.- I. Basic Concept and Guiding Principles.- II. Development Goals.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Education and Science.- 2. Health and Social Security.- 3. Mass Organizations.- 4. Population Development.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Army, Party, and Government.- 2. The New Constitution.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Industry.- 2. Agriculture.- 3. Trade.- 4. Transportation.- III. Development Policy Measures.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Education and Science Policy.- 2. Health and Social Policy.- 3. Refounding and Revitalization of the Mass Organizations.- 4. Population Policy.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Power Struggles, Rehabilitations, and New Campaigns.- 2. The New Constitution.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Planning and Organization.- 2. Budgetary and Investment Policy.- 3. Sectoral Economic Policy.- IV. Results.- A. Social Policy.- 1. Education and Science.- 2. Health and Social Security.- 3. Mass Organizations.- 4. Population Development.- B. Internal Politics Affecting Development.- 1. Power Shifts and the Reconstruction of the Party.- 2. Reshuffle of Posts at the Fourth National People’s Congress.- C. Economic Policy.- 1. Industry.- 2. Agriculture.- 3. Trade.- 4. Transportation.- D. The Causes of Success and Failure.- E. New Developments on the Horizon.- Six The Great Leap into the Industrial Age.- I. Development Policy in the Mao Tse-tung Era.- A. The Yield of Development Policy of the Epoch.- 1. Gross National Product and Per Capita Income.- 2. Change in Sectoral Structures and Foreign Trade.- 3. Distribution of Income and Standard of Living.- 4. Education, Health Service and Birth Control.- 5. Domestic Stability and International Recognition.- B. Transferability and Specific Conditions of Chinese Development Policy.- 1. Transferability.- 2. Natural Prerequisites for Agriculture and Industry.- 3. Traditional Elements in the Development Process.- 4. Manpower Potential for Development.- C. The Use of Chinese Development Experience in the Third World.- 1. Mobilization of the Population as Development Vehicle.- 2. The Priority of Agricultural Development.- 3. The Organization of Rural Small-Scale Industry and the Employment of Technology Conforming to Development.- 4. The Following of Basic Rules for Development.- II. The Traditional Phase Hua/Teng.- A. Mao Tse-tung’s Vision and Chou En-lai’s Legacy.- 1. Contrary Standpoints.- 2. The Political Turning Point, 1976.- B. Program and Political Practice of the Hua Kuo-feng Administration.- 1. Stocktaking, 1976.- 2. Order and Strict Planning.- 3. Planning and Organization: Management and Profit Achievement, Labor Discipline, and Wage Policy.- 4. Industry, Agriculture, and Foreign Trade.- 5. Education, Science, Art, and Literature.- C. Constitutional Anchoring and “Democratization”.- D. Interim Statement and Revision of the Modernization Program.- III. The Rejection of Maoist Development Policies.- A. Political Stabilization and the Institutionalization of the New Line.- 1. The Rehabilitation of Mao’s Enemies and the Elimination of the “Maoist Residual Faction”.- 2. Consolidation of Party and State Institutions.- 3. The Construction of a Socialist System of Law and a Socialist Democracy.- B. Reform Policy and Consolidation of the Economy.- 1. Expansion of Decision-Making Powers and Self-Responsibility for Enterprises.- 2. The Reform of Factory Regulations and Management.- 3. The Elimination of Acute Imbalances.- C. Cooperation with the West.- 1. Industrialization and Westernization.- 2. Economic Cooperation Options with the West.- 3. China’s Dialogue with the West.- Statistical Appendix.- Notes.- Abbreviations.- Index of Names Cited.