Microbial Pathogenesis: Infection and Immunity

Name: Microbial Pathogenesis: Infection and Immunity
Author: Uday Kishore

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Gebonden, 314 blz. | Engels

Springer New York | 2014e druk, 2013

ISBN13: 9781461495291

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Springer New York 2014e druk, 2013 9781461495291

Onderdeel van serie Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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The book starts with dissecting mechanisms underlying viral immune evasion via exploiting the host complement system by vaccinia virus, and by modulating the type 1 interferon response by RNA viruses. Yet another chapter looks into how viroporins expressed by different families of viruses causing influenza A virus, SARS, hepatitis C and HIV interact with several cellular pathways. Understanding of these mechanisms can aid the development of novel potential anti‑viral targets. The chapter on tuberculosis discusses the emerging importance of the innate immune mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and latency. This book has a strong focus on fungal pathogenesis and immunity, starting with virulence and host factors that attain great importance in candidiasis and associated escape tricks of seriously opportunistic fungi. Two chapters on Aspergillus fumigatus elaborate on the pathogenic mechanisms: first discussing A. fumigatus‑airway epithelium interaction, followed by fungal and host factors that are paramount in the development of allergic and invasive aspergillosis. In the subsequent chapter, there is a general discussion on the innate and adaptive immune responses against primary and opportunistic fungal pathogens.

Specificaties

ISBN13:9781461495291

Taal:Engels

Bindwijze:gebonden

Aantal pagina's:314

Uitgever:Springer New York

Druk:2014

Serie:Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Inhoudsopgave

1. The Complement System as a Viral Ta rgetfor Immune Evasion................................................................................1Ajitanuj Rattan, Rewati Kasbe, Jayati Mullick and Arvind SahuAbstract......................................................................................................................................... 1Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 1Role of Complement in Combating Viruses............................................................................... 2Complement Evasion by Viruses: Diverse Strategies................................................................ 6Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 172. Modulation of Type I Interferon Responseby RNA Viruses..........................................................................................28Suchita BhattacharyyaAbstract....................................................................................................................................... 28Introduction................................................................................................................................ 28RNA Viruses............................................................................................................................... 29Type I Interferon System............................................................................................................ 31Modulation of Type I Interferon Response by RNA Viruses.................................................. 31Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 333. Viroporins: Differential Functions at Late Stagesof Viral Life Cycles.............................................................................38Francois Kien, Huailiang Ma, Stefan Díaz Gaisenband and Béatrice NalAbstract....................................................................................................................................... 38Introduction................................................................................................................................ 38Molecular Organizations and Ion Channel Activities of IAV M2,SARS‑CoV E, HCV p7 and HIV‑ 1 Vpu Viroporins......................................................... 42Differential Roles of Viroporins during Virus Morphogenesis and Release.......................... 46Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 53xviii Contents4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis:Innate Immune Recognitionand Persistence......................................................................................63Mycobacterium tuberculosis:Innate Immune Recognitionand Persistence......................................................................................63Munirah Abdul‑Aziz and Anthony G. TsolakiAbstract....................................................................................................................................... 63Introduction................................................................................................................................ 63Initial Stages of M. tuberculosis Infection................................................................................. 64Macrophage Involvement and M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73M. tuberculosis Infection................................................................................. 64Macrophage Involvement and M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 735. Candida and Candidiasis............................................................................82Candida and Candidiasis............................................................................82Thomas HöfkenAbstract....................................................................................................................................... 82Introduction................................................................................................................................ 82Medically Important Candida Species...................................................................................... 83Pathogenicity Mechanisms......................................................................................................... 83Experimental Systems to Study Candidiasis............................................................................ 84Adherence................................................................................................................................... 85Invasion....................................................................................................................................... 86Secreted Hydrolytic Enzymes.................................................................................................... 87Polymorphism............................................................................................................................ 88Candida Species...................................................................................... 83Pathogenicity Mechanisms......................................................................................................... 83Experimental Systems to Study Candidiasis............................................................................ 84Adherence................................................................................................................................... 85Invasion....................................................................................................................................... 86Secreted Hydrolytic Enzymes.................................................................................................... 87Polymorphism............................................................................................................................ 88Biofilm Formation...................................................................................................................... 92Interaction with Bacteria........................................................................................................... 95Phenotypic Switching and Mating............................................................................................. 96Metabolic Flexibility and Nutrition Acquisition...................................................................... 96Stress Adaptation....................................................................................................................... 97Host Responses........................................................................................................................... 98Antifungal Drugs and Drug Resistance.................................................................................... 99Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 100...................................................................................................................... 92Interaction with Bacteria........................................................................................................... 95Phenotypic Switching and Mating............................................................................................. 96Metabolic Flexibility and Nutrition Acquisition...................................................................... 96Stress Adaptation....................................................................................................................... 97Host Responses........................................................................................................................... 98Antifungal Drugs and Drug Resistance.................................................................................... 99Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 1006. Mechanisms of Pathogenesisof Aspergillosis...................................................................................115Savneet Kaur, Kavita Kale, Taruna Madan and P. Usha SarmaAbstract..................................................................................................................................... 115Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 115Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA)................................................................................. 116Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)................................................................ 127Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 132Contents xix7. Airway Epithelium Interactionswith ASPERGILLUS fumigatus.........................................................138ASPERGILLUS fumigatus.........................................................138Neelkamal ChaudharyAbstract..................................................................................................................................... 138Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 138Airway Epithelium Interaction with A. fumigatus................................................................. 139Toll‑Like Receptors................................................................................................................... 140Non‑TLR Receptors.................................................................................................................. 142Other Antimicrobial Mechanisms........................................................................................... 143Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 144A. fumigatus................................................................. 139Toll‑Like Receptors................................................................................................................... 140Non‑TLR Receptors.................................................................................................................. 142Other Antimicrobial Mechanisms........................................................................................... 143Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 1448. Anti‑Fungal Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.............149Uday Kishore, Suhair M. Abozaid and Mohammed N. Al‑AhdalAbstract..................................................................................................................................... 149Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 150Innate Immune Mediated Defense against Fungi.................................................................. 151Adaptive Immunity and Fungal Pathogens............................................................................ 156Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 1599. Host‑pa thogen interaction in Malariaand Trypa nosomiasis.........................................................................167Janez Ferluga, Annapurna Nayak, and Uday KishoreAbstract..................................................................................................................................... 167Introduction: Malaria, Background and Life Cycle of the Parasite.................................... 168Malaria Immunity and Chronicity Development.................................................................. 170Complement Involvement........................................................................................................ 174PfEMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175Cerebral Malaria...................................................................................................................... 176Placental Malaria...................................................................................................................... 177EMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175EMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175Cerebral Malaria...................................................................................................................... 176Placental Malaria...................................................................................................................... 177P. falciparum Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178A Role of Red Cell Blood Groups in Malaria Virulence Modulaton.................................... 179Merozoite Erythrocyte Invasion.............................................................................................. 179Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)................................................................................ 180Parasite Life Cycle.................................................................................................................... 181HAT Pathogenesis.................................................................................................................... 182Evasion of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Trypanosome............................................... 184Potential Involvement of the Complement System................................................................ 185Genetic HAT and Host Diversity and Disease Phenotypes................................................... 186American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)........................................................................ 187Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178A Role of Red Cell Blood Groups in Malaria Virulence Modulaton.................................... 179Merozoite Erythrocyte Invasion.............................................................................................. 179Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)................................................................................ 180Parasite Life Cycle.................................................................................................................... 181HAT Pathogenesis.................................................................................................................... 182Evasion of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Trypanosome............................................... 184Potential Involvement of the Complement System................................................................ 185Genetic HAT and Host Diversity and Disease Phenotypes................................................... 186American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)........................................................................ 187T. cruzi Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188T. cruzi Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192xx Contents10. The Host Pathogen Interactionand Immunomodulation During Leishmaniasis...............203Surajit Bhattacharjee and Arijit BhattacharyaAbstract..................................................................................................................................... 203Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 204Initial Interaction and Phagocytosis....................................................................................... 205Macrophage Functions Altered by Leishmania...................................................................... 206Microbicidal Free Radical Production.................................................................................... 207Impairment of Antigen Presentation....................................................................................... 208Modulation of Cytokine Production........................................................................................ 209Chemokine and Chemokine Receptors in Leishmaniasis..................................................... 211Cytokine–Chemokine Networks in Leishmaniasis................................................................ 213Leishmania...................................................................... 206Microbicidal Free Radical Production.................................................................................... 207Impairment of Antigen Presentation....................................................................................... 208Modulation of Cytokine Production........................................................................................ 209Chemokine and Chemokine Receptors in Leishmaniasis..................................................... 211Cytokine–Chemokine Networks in Leishmaniasis................................................................ 213Leishmania‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214Toll‑Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214Leishmania‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214Toll‑Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214Toll‑Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 22311. Immune responses induced by pa rasitic worms....................233Janez Ferluga, Lubna Kouser and Uday KishoreAbstract..................................................................................................................................... 233Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 234Helminth Type‑2 Immunity and Allergy................................................................................. 235Hygiene Hypothesis on Allergies Increase.............................................................................. 237Examples of Type 2 Immunity................................................................................................. 237Tissue‑Parasite Variation in Type 2 Immunity....................................................................... 238Potential Complement Involvement in Helminth and Autoimmunity................................. 240Complement Evasion................................................................................................................ 242Trichinellosis............................................................................................................................. 243Filariasis.................................................................................................................................... 244Taeniasis.................................................................................................................................... 245Schistosomiasis......................................................................................................................... 246Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 24712. Pathogenic Persistence and Evasion mechanismsin Schistosomiasis...............................................................................255Annapurna Nayak and Uday KishoreAbstract..................................................................................................................................... 255Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 256Life Cycle into Intermediate and Vector Host........................................................................ 257Skin Penetration by Cercariae: Breaking the First Line of Defense.................................... 259Modulation of the Host’s Immune Response.......................................................................... 260Granulomas in Acute and Chronic Schistosomiasis.............................................................. 263Contribution of Various Immune Cells in the Immunopathology....................................... 265Complement Evasion by Schistosome Paramyosin............................................................... 265Immune Modulation of the Snail............................................................................................. 267Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 270Contents xxi13. TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES—Passage from Gut to Brain............................................................276Daniel A. MitchellAbstract..................................................................................................................................... 276Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 277The Replication of Infectious Prions....................................................................................... 277The Importance of the Gut in TSEs........................................................................................ 278Prion Proliferation in Lymphoid Tissues................................................................................ 279The Role of Dendritic Cells in Prion Trafficking................................................................... 279The Role of the Complement System in Prion Disease.......................................................... 280Prion Passage to the Brain and Neurocytoxicity.................................................................... 281Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 282................................................................... 279The Role of the Complement System in Prion Disease.......................................................... 280Prion Passage to the Brain and Neurocytoxicity.................................................................... 281Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 282

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