R. W. Stoddart
Springer US
0e druk, 2012
9781461598756
The Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides
Specificaties
Paperback, 356 blz.
|
Engels
Springer US |
2012
ISBN13: 9781461598756
Rubricering
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 9 werkdagen
Gratis verzonden
Samenvatting
For many years studies of the structure and biosynthesis of saccharides formed a specialised and somewhat abstruse part of biochemistry, with little or no place in molecular biology. In recent years this has changed profoundly, as has the character of much of carbohydrate biochemistry. Saccharides are now seen as generally possessing specific structures, which are potentially informational-though there is little firm evidence, as yet, as to the nature and expression of this information. Biosynthetic studies, especially upon glyco proteins, have provided major new insights into the ways by which specific sugar sequences can be assembled and the relationship of this to membranes and membrane flow. While the study of polysaccharide 'biosynthesis has developed more slowly, its future progress will be profoundly affected by the new knowledge of glycoproteins and this, in turn, will have major implications in the understanding of biological matrices and microenvironments. With this rapid growth and change, ever more scientists - of increasingly diverse backgrounds - are needing to understand something of carbohydrate biochemistry. This book is directed towards them, not with the intention that it should compete with existing text books, or simply be an elementary introduction, but with the intent that it should provide a bridge between the rather disparate and diverging lines of development in the subject and to bring out the important principles of saccharide assembly that are emerging.
Specificaties
ISBN13:9781461598756
Taal:Engels
Bindwijze:paperback
Aantal pagina's:356
Uitgever:Springer US
Druk:0
Inhoudsopgave
1. The Nature of Polysaccharides.- A. General Introduction.- B. The Emerging View of Carbohydrate Structure.- C. The Sequencing of Oligo- and Poly-saccharides.- 1. The General Problem.- 2. Terminal Residues.- 3. Hydrolysis of Saccharides.- 4. Separation and Identification of Sugars.- 5. Detection and Estimation of Sugars.- 6. Degradation of Saccharides by Glycosidases.- 7. Chemical Techniques of Partial Fragmentation.- 8. Reassembly of Saccharide Sequences.- 9. Periodate Oxidation.- 10. Smith Degradation.- 11. Barry Degradation.- 12. Methylation.- 13. Lectins.- 14. Physical Methods.- D. Structures of Carbohydrates.- Further Reading.- 2. Sugar Nucleotides and Cyclitols.- A. Introduction.- B. The Discovery of Sugar Nucleotides.- C. The Detection, Analysis and Chemistry of Sugar Nucleotides.- D. Classes of Sugar Nucleotides.- E. The Use of ‘Cell-Free’ Systems in Studying Saccharide Assembly: Some Problems.- F. Mechanisms of Interconversion of Sugar Nucleotides.- 1. Some General Considerations.- 2. The Role of 4-oxo Intermediates.- 3. 4-Epimerase Reactions.- 4. The Formation of 4-amino Sugars.- 5. The Decarboxylation of Uronic Acids.- 6. The Formation of Apiose.- 7. Reactions Involving Reversals of Configuration of C-3 and C-5 and the Formation of Deoxy-sugars.- 8. Epimerisation about C-2.- 9. Evolutionary and Mechanistic Implications of Sugar Nucleotide Metabolism.- G. Cyclitol Metabolism.- H. The Fate and Re-use of Degradation Products of Glycoconjugates and Polysaccharides.- 1. Hexoses.- 2. Pentoses.- 3. Methyl Pentoses.- 4. Hexosamines.- 5. Uronic Acids.- 6. Sialic Acids.- I. Pathways of Sugar Nucleotide Interconversion.- Further Reading.- 3. Glycosylation in Bacteria.- A. The Structure of Bacterial Surfaces.- B. Bacterial Carbohydrates.- 1. Teichoic Acids.- 2. Teichuronic Acids.- 3. Peptidoglycan.- 4. Lipopolysaccharides.- 5. Polysaccharides.- C. The Strategy of Analysing Glycosyl Transfers in Bacteria.- D. Undecaprenol.- E. Synthesis of Teichoic Acids and Allied Polymers.- 1. Assembly of Sequences of the Form (-A-P-B-P-)n.- 2. Assembly of Sequences of the Form (-AB-P-AB-P-)n.- 3. Assembly of Sequences of the Form (-A-P-A-P-)n.- 4. Further Substitution of Teichoic Acids.- 5. Chain Initiation and Termination in Teichoic Acid Synthesis.- 6. Teichuronic Acid Synthesis.- F. Peptidoglycan Assembly.- 1. Part 1. The Assembly of UDPMurNAc-pentapeptide.- 2. Part 2. The Undecaprenyl Phosphate Cycle.- 3. Part 3. Cross-linking of the Peptidoglycan.- 4. The ‘Priming’ of Glycan Assembly.- 5. Variations Upon the Basic Mechanism of Peptidoglycan Assembly.- G. Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis (in Salmonella and Related Genera).- 1. Assembly of Lipid A.- 2. Core Assembly.- 3. Construction of the o-antigenic Side Chains.- H. Polysaccharide Synthesis.- 1. Bacterial Cellulose etc..- 2. Levans and Allied Polymers.- I. Organisational Aspects of Glycosyl Transfers in Bacteria.- Further Reading.- 4. Glycoprotein and Glycolipid Assembly and Related Processes in Eukaryotic Cells.- A. Glycosylation in Eukaryotes: General Schemes.- B. The Synthesis of N-Glycosidic Oligosaccharide ‘Cores’ in Higher Animals.- 1. Dolichol and Other Isoprenoids: Chemical Aspects.- 2. ‘Core’ Assembly.- 3. ‘Core’ Modification.- 4. Inhibitors of Glycosyl Transfer.- 5. Dolichol-dependent Glycosyl Transfers in vivo.- 6. Retinol-dependent Glycosyl Transfers and Glycoprotein Assembly.- C. The Initiation and Early Assembly of ‘Mucin-type’ Structures.- 1. The Tn-Antigen.- 2. M and N Blood Group Antigens.- D. The Formation of the Clc1,2Gal 1-Hyl Sequence in Collagens and Clq.- E. Construction of Saccharide Sequences by Mechanisms Independent of Dolichol.- 1. The Nature of Saccharide Assembly: General Views.- 2. I and P Blood Group Antigens.- 3. Glycopeptide Assembly by Artificial Systems.- 4. Chain Termination in Oligosaccharide Assembly.- F. Biosynthesis of Glycosphingolipids.- 1. The Patterns of Assembly of the Glycosphingolipids.- 2. Glucosylceramide and its Derivatives.- 3. Blood Group and Allied Glycolipids.- 4. Galactosylceramide and its Derivatives.- 5. Sphingoplasmalogens.- G. Glycerol-based Glycolipids.- H. Sulphated Glycolipids.- I. Complex Glycolipids of Lower Animals.- J. Fungal Cell Wall Mannans and Glycoproteins.- 1. N-Glycosidically Linked Fungal Mannan.- 2. O-Glycosidically Linked Fungal Mannan.- K. The Glycoproteins and Glycolipids of Plants.- 1. Structures of Plant Glycoproteins.- 2. Biosynthesis of Plant Glycoproteins.- 3. Plant Glycolipids.- Further Reading.- 5. Polysaccharide Assembly in Eukaryotes.- A. Introduction.- B. General Problems and Principles.- 1. The Initiation of Polymer Assembly: the ‘Primer’ Problem.- 2. The Conditions for Obtaining a Repeating Polymer.- 3. The Termination of Chains.- 4. The Problem of Irregular Heteropolymers.- 5. The Unusual Case of the Fructans or Glucofructans.- 6. Branching of Polysaccharides.- 7. Non-sugar Components of Polysaccharides.- 8. Are Similar Polymers of Similar Origin?.- 9. Are Polysaccharides Informational Macromolecules?.- C. Specific Polysaccharides.- 1. Glycosaminoglycans.- 2. Glucans.- 3. Mannans, Galactomannans, Glucomannans and Galacto-glucomannans.- 4. Galactans.- 5. Xylans.- 6. Pectic Substances.- 7. Alginic Acids.- 8. Chitin.- 9. Fructans.- Further Reading.- 6. Cytological Aspects of Glycosyl Transfer in Eukaryotes.- A. Basic ideas of Membrane Structure and Carbohydrates.- 1. Historical.- 2. The Fluid Mosaic Model.- 3. The Concept of the Unit Membrane and its Consequences.- 4. Membrane Flow.- 5. Autonomous Glycosyl Transfers and the Special Carbohydrates of Organelles.- 6. Carbohydrates as Determinants of Membrane Flow.- B. The Genetic Commitment to Glycosyl Transfer.- C. Self-assembly in Polysaccharide Structures.- D. The Integration of Glycosyl Transfer into General Metabolism.- 1. The Cell Walls of Higher Plants.- 2. The Cell Walls of Fungi.- Further Reading.- 7. Pathological Aspects of Glycosylation.- A. Introduction.- B. Catabolic Defects in the Metabolism of Glycoconjugates.- 1. Mucopolysaccharidoses.- 2. Glycolipidoses and Related Diseases.- 3. Glycogenoses.- C. Abnormal Glycosylation and Uptake of Glycoproteins.- 1. Wilson’s Disease.- 2. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency.- D. Defective Intracellular Targeting of Glycoconjugates.- 1. I-cell Disease.- 2. Other Diseases.- E. Defective Synthesis of Glycoconjugates.- 1. Studies on Mutant Cell Lines.- 2. Malignancy.- Further Reading.- Appendix: Terminology.- 1. Shape of Sugars.- 2. Derivatives of Simple Sugars.- (a) Deoxy-sugars.- (b) Amino- and Acetamido-sugars.- (c) Uronic Acids.- (d) Sugar Alcohols.- (e) Acyl, Ether and Sulphate Groups in Sugars.- 3. Sialic Acids.- 4. Notations for Sugars.- (a) Simple Sugars: Three-letter Notation.- (b) Uronic Acids.- (c) Amino-and Acetamido-sugars.- (d)’ single-letter’ Notation in Special Cases.- (e) Sulphates and Phosphates.- (f) Sialic Acids.- (g) D and L Sugars.- (h) Pyranose and Furanose Forms.- (i) Linkage.- (j ) Anomeric Configuration.- (k) Branching.- (1) Special Symbols.- 5. Special Nomenclature of Glycolipids.- 6. Special Nomenclature of Glycoproteins and Related Polymers.- (c) Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans.- 7. Special Nomenclature of Polysaccharides.- References.