Biomaterials for Spinal Surgery

<p>Contributor contact details</p> <p>Chapter 1: Introduction to biomaterials for spinal surgery</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>1.1 Introduction</p> <p>1.2 Total disc replacement</p> <p>1.3 Nucleus pulposus replacement</p> <p>1.4 Materials for spinal applications</p> <p>1.5 Conclusions</p> <p>Part I: Fundamentals of biomaterials for spinal surgery</p> <p>Chapter 2: An overview of the challenges of bringing a medical device for the spine to the market</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>2.1 Introduction</p> <p>2.2 Selection and sourcing of materials in medical device developments</p> <p>2.3 Biocompatibility testing</p> <p>2.4 Medical device regulation</p> <p>2.5 Conclusions</p> <p>2.6 Acknowledgement</p> <p>Chapter 3: Introduction to spinal pathologies and clinical problems of the spine</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>3.1 Introduction</p> <p>3.2 Degenerative spine disease</p> <p>3.3 Spinal trauma</p> <p>3.4 Spinal deformity</p> <p>3.5 Malignancy</p> <p>3.6 Infection</p> <p>3.7 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 4: Forces on the spine</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>4.1 Introduction</p> <p>4.2 In vivo measured components of spinal loads</p> <p>4.3 In vitro measured spinal load components</p> <p>4.4 Analytical models for spinal load estimation</p> <p>4.5 Recommendations for the simulations of loads for in vitro and numerical studies</p> <p>4.6 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 5: Finite element modelling of the spine</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>5.1 Introduction</p> <p>5.2 Functional spine biomechanics and strength of numerical explorations</p> <p>5.3 Geometrical approximations in spine finite element modelling</p> <p>5.4 Numerical approximations: accuracy and computational cost</p> <p>5.5 Constitutive models for the spine tissues</p> <p>5.6 Simulating the mechanical loads on the spine</p> <p>5.7 Model verifications and interpretations: the validation concept and quantitative validation</p> <p>5.8 Future trends and conclusions: the virtual physiological spine</p> <p>Chapter 6: Osteobiologic agents in spine surgery</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>6.1 Introduction</p> <p>6.2 Bone formation and healing</p> <p>6.3 Osteobiologics for spine fusion</p> <p>6.4 Bone growth factors</p> <p>6.5 Cellular biologics</p> <p>6.6 Conclusions</p> <p>Part II: Spinal fusion and intervertebral discs</p> <p>Chapter 7: Spine fusion: cages, plates and bone substitutes</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>7.1 Introduction</p> <p>7.2 Spine fusion: historical concerns and surgical skills</p> <p>7.3 Bone substitutes in spine fusion</p> <p>7.4 Bone growth factors</p> <p>7.5 Autologous bone marrow</p> <p>7.6 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 8: Artificial intervertebral discs</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>8.1 Introduction</p> <p>8.2 Structure and function of the intervertebral disc</p> <p>8.3 The artificial intervertebral disc: design and materials</p> <p>8.4 Fibre-reinforced composite materials: basic principles</p> <p>8.5 Composite biomimetic artificial intervertebral discs</p> <p>8.6 Future trends and conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 9: Biological response to artificial discs</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>9.1 Introduction</p> <p>9.2 The healing response to intervertebral disc implants</p> <p>9.3 Infection as a cause of failure of implants</p> <p>9.4 Loosening and the reaction to the products of wear and corrosion</p> <p>9.5 Carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of metal implants</p> <p>9.6 Conclusions</p> <p>Part III: Vertebroplasty and scoliosis surgery</p> <p>Chapter 10: The use of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in neurosurgery</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>10.1 Introduction: a history of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)</p> <p>10.2 Characteristics of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)</p> <p>10.3 Preparation of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) for use in clinical practice</p> <p>10.4 Clinical use of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in neurosurgery</p> <p>10.5 Developments in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)</p> <p>10.6 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 11: Optimising the properties of injectable materials for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>11.1 Introduction</p> <p>11.2 Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) based bone cements</p> <p>11.3 Calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate based bone cements</p> <p>11.4 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 12: Injectable calcium phosphates for vertebral augmentation</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>12.1 Introduction</p> <p>12.2 Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)</p> <p>12.3 Calcium phosphate cements</p> <p>12.4 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 13: Composite injectable materials for vertebroplasty</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>13.1 Introduction: a background on the use of composites in vertebroplasty</p> <p>13.2 Properties of composites for vertebroplasty</p> <p>13.3 Further development in composite injectable materials</p> <p>13.4 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 14: Scoliosis implants: surgical requirements</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>14.1 Introduction</p> <p>14.2 Definition of scoliosis</p> <p>14.3 Management of scoliosis</p> <p>14.4 General principles for spinal fusion</p> <p>14.5 Outcomes in scoliosis surgery</p> <p>14.6 Future development of biomechanical implants</p> <p>14.7 Conclusions</p> <p>14.8 Sources of further information</p> <p>Chapter 15: Shape memory, superelastic and low Young’s modulus alloys</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>15.1 Introduction</p> <p>15.2 Fundamental characteristics of shape memory and superelastic alloys</p> <p>15.3 Low Young’s modulus alloys</p> <p>15.4 Metals required for spinal surgery</p> <p>15.5 Conclusions</p> <p>15.6 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Part IV: Regenerative medicine in the spine</p> <p>Chapter 16: Cell-based tissue engineering approaches for disc regeneration</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>16.1 Introduction</p> <p>16.2 Rationale behind the use of cells</p> <p>16.3 Choice of cell type (not including mesenchymal stem cells)</p> <p>16.4 Current issues to be addressed</p> <p>16.5 Future trends and conclusions</p> <p>16.6 Sources of further information</p> <p>Chapter 17: Angiogenesis control in spine regeneration</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>17.1 Introduction</p> <p>17.2 The role and the mechanisms of angiogenesis</p> <p>17.3 Physiological and pathological vascularisation of different intervertebral disc (IVD) histological compartments</p> <p>17.4 Strategies to promote angiogenesis in tissue regeneration</p> <p>17.5 Angiogenesis inhibition in intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration and other clinical applications</p> <p>17.6 Future trends</p> <p>17.7 Sources of further information</p> <p>17.8 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 18: Stem cells for disc regeneration</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>18.1 Introduction</p> <p>18.2 Tissue engineering solutions for intervertebral disc (IVD) disease</p> <p>18.3 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and regeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD)</p> <p>18.4 Regeneration of the annulus</p> <p>18.5 Use of scaffolds with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration</p> <p>18.6 Future trends</p> <p>18.7 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 19: Nucleus regeneration</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>19.1 Introduction</p> <p>19.2 The intervertebral disc: anatomy, structure and function</p> <p>19.3 Mechanics–biology interrelation</p> <p>19.4 Annulus, nucleus and entire intervertebral disc: the tissue engineering approach</p> <p>19.5 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 20: In vivo models of regenerative medicine in the spine</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>20.1 Introduction</p> <p>20.2 Selecting an animal model</p> <p>20.3 Intervertebral spinal fusion</p> <p>20.4 Degenerative disc disease</p> <p>20.5 Future trends and conclusions</p> <p>20.6 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Index</p>