Breakdown in Human Adaptation to ‘Stress’

1 — Psychological and Sociological Parameters for Studies of Breakdown in Human Adaptation.- I.General Overviews.- Towards a taxonomy of methods: a general overview of psychological approaches in the study of breakdown of human adaptation.- Psychological field study techniques: overview and needs.- Psychological field study techniques: a critical evaluation.- Sociological parameters in studies of breakdown: a selective overview.- Use of psychological indices in epidemiological studies: overview and needs.- Stressful life events and illness: a review with special reference to a criticism of the life-event method.- II. Conceptual Approaches.- A lifetime prospective study of human adaptation and health.- Psychosocial and psychophysiological factors in the design and the evaluation of working conditions within health care systems.- The relation of social to pathophysiological processes: evidence from epidemiological studies.- Unemployment and health: a review of methodology.- Ontogenetic development and breakdown in adaptation: a review on psychosocial factors contributing to the development of myocardial infarction, and a description of a research program.- Physiological issues in establishing links between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular illness.- White collar occupation and coronary prone behaviour.- III. Methods.- Psychological methods: an overview of clinical applications.- Psychological factors in the breakdown of human adaptation: some methodological issues.- Monitoring signs of decrease in human adaptation: use of quantitative measures available in official statistics.- Inventory of stressful life-events (ILE).- The Norwegian female climacteric project (VOS).- Questionnaire for organisational stress (VOS).- A scale for measuring the marital relationship among males.- 2 — Human Performance and Breakdown in Adaptation.- Human performance in transport operations: introductory remarks.- I. Air Transport.- Air crew workload.- Safety, individual performance and mental workload in air transport: Oedipus as Icarus.- Stress management in air transport operations: beyond alcohol and drugs.- Reasons for eliminating the “age 60” regulation for airline pilots.- Human factors education in European air transport operations.- II. Road Transport.- Behaviour research in road traffic.- Some theoretical considerations on accident research.- Accident of bus drivers — practical and methodological problems.- Effects of alcohol on driving performance: a critical look on the epidemiological, experimental and psychosocial approaches.- Investigations on the influence of continuous driving on the motion activity of vehicle drivers.- III. Sea Transport.- Human performance in seafaring.- Stress factors and countermeasures in navigation.- Ship of the future: human problems and performance.- Accidents on board merchant ships.- Sleep data sampled from the crew of a merchant marine ship.- IV; Special Reviews.- Transport operators as responsible persons in stressful situations.- Stress response as a function of age and sex.- Drugs and transport operations.- Mechanical vibration in transport operations.- V. Methods.- Continuous electrophysiological recording.- Dimensions of flight crew performance decrements: methodological implications for field research.- Methodology in workstress studies.- 3 — Psychoneuroimmunology and Breakdown in Adaptation: Interactions within the Central Nervous System, the Immune and Endocrine Systems.- Immunology for nonimmunologists: some guidelines for incipient psychoneuroimmunologists.- Neuroendocrine interactions with brain and behaviour: a model for psychoneuroimmunology ?.- Psychoneuroimmunology.- Emotions, immunity and disease: an historical and philosophical perspective.- Immunoglobulins as stress markers ?.- Problems of clinical interdisciplinary research — investigation into bronchial asthma as a paradigm.- Factors involved in the classical conditioning of antibody responses in mice.- The bone marrow, our autonomous morphostatic “brain”.- Immune regulation of the hypothalamic — hypophysial — adrenal axis: a role for thymosins and lymphokines.- Stress and immune response: parameters and markers.- 4 — Breakdown in Human Adaptation and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction: Clinical, Biochemical and Psychobiological Aspects.- The brain and the gut.- The role of psychiatric assessment in the management of functional bowel disease.- Application of psychological measures in epidemiological studies of gastrointestinal disease: a critical opinion.- Stress–related nicotine abuse and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.- Use of quantitative methods for the study of psychological factors in ulcer patients.- Stress, the immune system and GI function.- Clinical recognition of stress related gastrointestinal disorders in adults.- Stress and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).- Upper GI bleeding lesions related to- or associated with-stress.- 5 — Acute Effect of Psychological Stress on Cardiovascular System: Models and Clinical Assessment.- I. Systems Interplay in Stress Response.- Need for clinical models: physiopathological versus epidemiological study.- Psychosocial stress: endocrine and brain interactions and their relevance for cardiovascular processes.- Hormonal response to acute stress: focus on opioid peptides.- II. Myocardial Infarction.- Clinical studies.- Emotional stress and heart disease: clinical recognition and assessment.- Possibilities and limitations of longterm studies on the effect of psychological stress on cardiovascular function.- Interaction between short- and long-term stress in cardiovascular disease.- Clinical clues of neuro-humoral interpretation of the genesis of coronary spasm.- Provocative testing for coronary spasm.- Hemodynamic characterization of different mental stress tests.- Experimental studies.- Thoracic autonomic nerves regulating the canine heart.- Nervous coronary constriction via ?–adrenoreceptors: counter–acted by metabolic regulation, by coronary ?-adrenoreceptor stimulation or by flow dependent, endothelium–mediated dilation.- III. Cardiac Arrhythmias.- Clinical studies.- Clinical clues to psychological and neuro-humoral mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis.- Clinical clues and experimental evidence of the neuro–humoral interpretation of cardiac arrhythmias.- IV. Arterial Hypertension.- Clinical Studies.- Blood pressure control during mental stress.- Somatic responses to acute stress and the relevance for the study of their mechanisms.- Neurohumoral factors involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension.- Experimenta1 studies.- Results of experimental studies favouring the hypothesis of the influence of stress on the genesis of hypertension.- Animal models for the assesment of stress on arterial blood pressure.- V. Methods.- Validation and quantification of mental stress tests, and their application to acute cardiovascular patients.- Methods and limits for the detection of the response of coronary circulation to acute stress.